Table 1 List of potential vascular factors implicated in Alzheimer’s disease
From: Cardiovascular risk factors and future risk of Alzheimer’s disease
Cardiovascular disease | Pre-clinical markers of cardiovascular disease | Established cardiovascular risk factors | Emerging risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|
Stroke | Intima media thickness | Blood pressure, hypertension, and arterial stiffness | Inflammation |
Atrial fibrillation | Carotid plaques | Glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus | Chronic kidney disease |
Coronary heart disease | Atherosclerotic calcification | Hypercholesterolemia | Thyroid function |
Heart failure | Lacunae and white matter lesions | Smoking | |
Cerebral microbleeds | Obesity | ||
Cerebral microinfarcts | Non-adherence to the Mediterranean diet and low levels of physical activity | ||
Retinal vascular changes | Homocysteine | ||
Microstructural integrity and connectivity |