Table 1 Characteristics of participants in the cross-sectional NAFLD prediction cohort according to NAFLD status ^a

Age, years

40.42

39.59 to 41.25

45.32

43.97 to 46.67

<0.001

Female sex, %

52.6

50.4 to 54.7

45.6

41.7 to 49.5

0.005

Race/ethnicity, %

<0.001

 Non-Hispanic white

74.9

71.2 to 78.3

73.6

69.6 to 77.3

 Non-Hispanic black

11.6

10.1 to 13.4

8.7

7.3 to 10.3

 Mexican-American

4.7

3.7 to 5.8

7.6

6.2 to 9.3

 Other

8.8

6.5 to 11.8

10.1

7.3 to 13.8

Education

0.001

 < High school

5.5

4.2 to 7.1

8.4

6.4 to 11.1

 High school

14.1

12.5 to 16.0

18.9

15.6 to 22.8

 > High school

80.4

77.7 to 82.8

72.6

67.8 to 77.0

Smoking

<0.001

 Never

48.6

46.2 to 51.1

41.9

38.1 to 45.7

 Former

23.2

21.5 to 25.1

32.8

29.4 to 36.5

 Current

28.1

25.8 to 30.6

25.3

21.7 to 29.3

Diabetes, %

1.9

1.6 to 2.2

9.8

7.6 to 12.5

<0.001

Hypertension, %

16.0

14.6 to 17.6

33.7

29.9 to 37.6

<0.001

Lipid-lowering medication, %

2.4

1.8 to 3.0

5.0

3.4 to 7.1

<0.001

History of CVD, %

1.8

1.3 to 2.3

3.9

2.8 to 5.4

0.002

Metabolic syndrome, %

16.9

15.3 to 18.7

54.8

51.2 to 58.5

<0.001

Abdominal obesity, %

28.0

26.5 to 29.5

65.2

61.3 to 68.9

<0.001

Hypertriglyceridemia, %

22.8

20.5 to 25.3

54.3

50.4 to 58.2

<0.001

Impaired fasting glucose, %

20.1

18.5 to 21.8

42.1

38.4 to 46.0

<0.001

Low HDL level, %

35.50

32.7 to 38.5

60.1

54.9 to 65.0

<0.001

Body mass index, kg/m²

25.72

25.51 to 25.93

30.29

29.76 to 30.82

<0.001

Waist circumference, cm

88.82

88.35 to 89.3

101.75

100.36 to 103.13

<0.001

Serum cholesterol, mg/dl

199.83

198.5 to 201.17

208.63

205.63 to 211.63

<0.001

Serum triglycerides, mg/dl

117.71

114.18 to 121.24

192.30

183.44 to 201.15

<0.001

Serum HDL cholesterol, mg/dl

51.04^b

50.15 to 51.93

42.91^d

41.67 to 44.15

<0.001

Plasma glucose, mg/dl

94.07^c

93.41 to 94.73

104.95

102.56 to 107.33

<0.001

Serum insulin, μU/ml

8.80

8.54 to 9.06

16.09

14.85 to 17.33

<0.001

SBP, mmHg

118.42

117.55 to 119.3

125.7^e

124.7 to 126.7

<0.001

AST, U/L

19.60

19.21 to 20

25.24

24.31 to 26.17

<0.001

ALT, U/L

15.70

15.03 to 16.36

25.68

24.27 to 27.09

<0.001

GGT, U/L

24.42

23.69 to 25.15

41.61

37.77 to 45.44

<0.001

FLI

34.70

33.41 to 35.99

67.56

64.92 to 70.2

<0.001

HSI

33.10

32.7 to 33.49

39.26

38.64 to 39.89

<0.001

LFS

 1.92

 2.03 to to 1.82

0.21

 0.04 to 0.46

<0.001

Liver fat percentage, %

2.45

2.33 to 2.56

5.88

5.49 to 6.27

<0.001

LAP

39.74

38.08 to 41.40

91.71

86.35 to 97.06

<0.001