Figure 2

Difference in unadjusted total energy intake (kcal/day) between cases (gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia) and non-cases (reference) reported in case-control studies and cohort studies. For each study, the center of each square indicates the weighted mean difference (WMD), and the horizontal line indicates the 95% confidence interval; the area of the square is proportional to the weight that the individual study contributes to the overall pooled mean difference; and the diamonds are pooled mean differences (for each outcome and overall). (a) Case-control studies. Meta-analysis of 4 studies from 4 articles with data from 873 pregnant women, including 113 gestational hypertension, 230 pre-eclampsia, and 46 gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia cases. (b) Cohort studies. Meta-analysis of 10 studies from 7 articles with data from 43,701 pregnant women, including 896 gestational hypertension, 2,267 pre-eclampsia, and 13 gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia cases.