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Table 2 Food group and macronutrient consumption: between treatment group comparison a

From: The effects of antenatal dietary and lifestyle advice for women who are overweight or obese on maternal diet and physical activity: the LIMIT randomised trial

Outcome

Time point

Lifestyle advice (n = 945)b

Standard care (n = 928)b

Adjusted treatment × time interactionP-valuec

Adjusted treatment effect

P

95% CI

Total energy, kJd

Trial entry

8678.89 (2690.39)

8501.40 (2565.19)

0.99

0.09

178.60 (-26.56 to 383.77)

28 weeks

8772.33 (2545.60)

8675.26 (2792.00)

   

36 weeks

8667.72 (2585.28)

8568.86 (2751.49)

   

4 months

8763.08 (2694.71)

8628.89 (2686.06)

   

Breads and cereals, servings/dayd

Trial entry

2.63 (1.45)

2.61 (1.43)

0.82

0.27

0.06 (-0.04 to 0.16)

28 weeks

2.65 (1.34)

2.59 (1.42)

   

36 weeks

2.66 (1.33)

2.59 (1.42)

   

4 months

2.58 (1.39)

2.51 (1.37)

   

Dairy, servings/day

Trial entry

2.05 (1.34)

2.21 (1.52)

0.002

0.02

-0.17 (-0.30 to -0.03)

28 weeks

2.30 (1.24)

2.24 (1.39)

 

0.09

0.12 (-0.02 to 0.25)

36 weeks

2.42 (1.42)

2.33 (1.40)

 

0.24

0.09 (-0.06 to 0.24)

4 months

2.28 (1.36)

2.24 (1.42)

 

0.56

0.05 (-0.11 to 0.21)

Fruit, servings/dayd

Trial entry

2.67 (2.07)

2.48 (1.63)

0.44

0.002

0.21 (0.08 to 0.35)

28 weeks

2.70 (1.62)

2.43 (1.74)

   

36 weeks

2.56 (1.47)

2.34 (1.67)

   

4 months

2.24 (1.64)

2.11 (1.56)

   

Meat and legumes, servings/dayd

Trial entry

2.14 (1.03)

2.10 (0.94)

0.67

0.14

0.06 (-0.02 to 0.14)

28 weeks

2.17 (1.08)

2.10 (0.97)

   

36 weeks

2.14 (0.91)

2.08 (1.05)

   

4 months

2.30 (0.95)

2.29 (1.08)

   

Vegetables, servings/day

Trial entry

4.96 (2.64)

4.82 (2.57)

0.03

0.30

0.13 (-0.12 to 0.38)

28 weeks

5.16 (2.68)

4.71 (2.37)

 

0.0002

0.47 (0.22 to 0.72)

36 weeks

4.87 (2.54)

4.51 (2.65)

 

0.003

0.40 (0.13 to 0.67)

4 months

5.63 (3.12)

5.24 (2.62)

 

0.003

0.50 (0.17 to 0.82)

Non-core group foods, servings/day

Trial entry

7.51 (3.81)

7.27 (3.61)

0.01

0.10

0.29 (-0.06 to 0.65)

28 weeks

6.84 (3.24)

7.14 (3.41)

 

0.17

-0.24 (-0.58 to 0.10)

36 weeks

6.86 (3.54)

6.96 (3.24)

 

0.72

-0.06 (-0.41 to 0.28)

4 months

8.15 (3.69)

7.95 (3.76)

 

0.41

0.17 (-0.24 to 0.59)

Alcohol, gd

Trial entry

2.25 (5.21)

2.48 (6.47)

0.59

0.20

0.07 (-0.03 to 0.17)

28 weeks

0.34 (1.35)

0.25 (0.86)

   

36 weeks

0.31 (1.42)

0.27 (1.06)

   

4 months

2.27 (4.04)

2.18 (4.92)

   

Dietary fibre, gd

Trial entry

32.39 (12.91)

31.64 (12.43)

0.16

0.002

1.55 (0.55 to 2.56)

28 weeks

33.75 (12.39)

31.88 (12.42)

   

36 weeks

32.78 (11.80)

30.93 (12.89)

   

4 months

34.09 (13.61)

32.50 (12.68)

   

Carbohydrates, gd

Trial entry

255.27 (90.54)

246.38 (83.50)

0.69

0.06

6.55 (-0.19 to 13.29)

28 weeks

258.11 (82.97)

255.89 (93.44)

   

36 weeks

253.61 (85.76)

251.43 (90.66)

   

4 months

247.86 (89.54)

243.25 (88.71)

   

Percentage energy from carbohydratesd

Trial entry

46.85 (5.97)

46.22 (5.59)

0.23

0.39

0.19 (-0.24 to 0.62)

28 weeks

46.96 (5.33)

46.89 (5.30)

   

36 weeks

46.61 (5.44)

46.68 (5.81)

   

4 months

44.89 (5.91)

44.76 (6.18)

   

Protein, gd

Trial entry

97.59 (30.65)

97.80 (30.58)

0.07

0.14

1.82 (-0.57 to 4.22)

28 weeks

100.07 (32.16)

97.56 (30.59)

   

36 weeks

100.13 (30.22)

97.10 (32.18)

   

4 months

102.67 (31.15)

101.24 (30.08)

   

Percentage energy from protein

Trial entry

22.72 (3.83)

23.22 (3.88)

0.0001

0.008

-0.49 (-0.86 to -0.13)

28 weeks

22.98 (3.74)

22.82 (3.66)

 

0.11

0.31 (-0.07 to 0.68)

36 weeks

23.35 (3.85)

22.98 (4.04)

 

0.11

0.33 - 0.08 to 0.75)

4 months

23.80 (4.25)

23.87 (4.26)

 

0.80

-0.06 (-0.55 to 0.42)

Total Fat, gd

Trial entry

65.28 (23.60)

64.33 (22.27)

0.83

0.48

0.64 (-1.14 to 2.41)

28 weeks

66.54 (22.50)

66.70 (23.62)

   

36 weeks

65.98 (22.14)

66.24 (23.70)

   

4 months

68.16 (23.68)

67.72 (23.99)

   

Percentage energy from total fatd

Trial entry

27.77 (4.51)

27.97 (4.20)

0.42

0.06

-0.31 (-0.64 to 0.02)

28 weeks

28.02 (4.19)

28.45 (4.19)

   

36 weeks

28.13 (4.23)

28.59 (4.36)

   

4 months

28.76 (4.31)

29.00 (4.39)

   

Saturated fat, gd

Trial entry

26.47 (10.98)

26.08 (10.01)

0.50

0.71

0.15 (-0.64 to 0.94)

28 weeks

26.98 (9.87)

27.37 (10.30)

   

36 weeks

27.10 (10.20)

27.48 (10.62)

   

4 months

27.49 (10.51)

27.25 (10.29)

   

Percentage energy from saturated fatd

Trial entry

11.23 (2.50)

11.34 (2.38)

0.09

0.04

-0.20 (-0.38 to -0.01)

28 weeks

11.37 (2.33)

11.70 (2.41)

   

36 weeks

11.52 (2.41)

11.85 (2.47)

   

4 months

11.59 (2.43)

11.68 (2.47)

   

Monounsaturated fat, gd

Trial entry

22.60 (8.56)

22.28 (8.13)

0.75

0.62

0.16 (-0.48 to 0.81)

28 weeks

22.99 (8.27)

23.12 (8.70)

   

36 weeks

22.72 (7.96)

22.81 (8.72)

   

4 months

23.69 (8.72)

23.65 (9.12)

   

Polyunsaturated fat, gd

Trial entry

9.09 (3.50)

8.95 (3.59)

0.90

0.23

0.17 (-0.11 to 0.45)

28 weeks

9.31 (3.67)

9.13 (3.81)

   

36 weeks

9.06 (3.33)

8.89 (3.71)

   

4 months

9.48 (3.71)

9.43 (4.16)

   
  1. aValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P -value) by time point estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment, time and treatment × time, adjusted for centre, parity and BMI.
  2. bIncludes women who had a live birth, and who answered one or more questionnaires; excludes questionnaires with >25% missing responses, or where there was an unrealistic energy intake reported (<4,500 or >20,000 kJ).
  3. cWhere the treatment × time interaction was not statistically significant, it was dropped from the model.
  4. dValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P-value) across all time points estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment and time, adjusted for centre, parity and BMI.