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Table 3 Dietary micronutrient consumption: between treatment group comparison a

From: The effects of antenatal dietary and lifestyle advice for women who are overweight or obese on maternal diet and physical activity: the LIMIT randomised trial

Outcome

Time point

Lifestyle advice (n = 945)b

Standard care (n = 928)b

Adjusted treatment × time interactionP-valuec

Adjusted treatment effect

P

95% CI

Caffeine, mgd

Trial entry

142.59 (156.88)

136.59 (156.36)

0.57

0.57

3.68 (-8.90 to 16.26)

28 weeks

134.63 (147.21)

132.76 (147.04)

   

36 weeks

129.61 (141.89)

128.55 (140.66)

   

4 months

202.78 (191.12)

191.83 (185.43)

   

Sodium, mgd

Trial entry

2713.21 (1080.73)

2644.16 (1102.75)

0.86

0.10

70.55 (-13.71 to 154.81)

28 weeks

2684.04 (1038.11)

2651.08 (1048.43)

   

36 weeks

2704.91 (1059.82)

2620.33 (1045.35)

   

4 months

2822.92 (1164.27)

2759.30 (1092.84)

   

Calcium, mg

Trial entry

930.81 (388.80)

963.43 (429.48)

0.007

0.11

-32.10 (-71.25 to 7.04)

28 weeks

1009.34 (366.54)

984.56 (400.48)

 

0.04

40.73 (1.57 to 79.88)

36 weeks

1031.14 (421.66)

1003.76 (404.85)

 

0.15

31.99 (-11.04 to 75.02)

4 months

1007.13 (415.11)

990.64 (416.75)

 

0.37

21.26 (-25.14 to 67.67)

Iron, mgd

Trial entry

13.79 (4.79)

13.57 (4.61)

0.83

0.08

0.33 (-0.04 to 0.70)

28 weeks

14.21 (4.56)

13.94 (4.92)

   

36 weeks

14.03 (4.48)

13.69 (5.04)

   

4 months

14.51 (4.79)

14.08 (4.77)

   

Zinc, mgd

Trial entry

11.71 (3.69)

11.71 (3.56)

0.08

0.11

0.23 (-0.06 to 0.52)

28 weeks

12.14 (3.70)

11.82 (3.70)

   

36 weeks

12.12 (3.68)

11.75 (3.90)

   

4 months

12.36 (3.74)

12.12 (3.62)

   

Magnesium, mgd

Trial entry

344.03 (116.89)

342.67 (116.44)

0.11

0.06

9.07 (-0.20 to 18.33)

28 weeks

356.11 (110.62)

344.98 (119.15)

   

36 weeks

353.11 (112.18)

340.31 (117.27)

   

4 months

364.02 (119.85)

354.13 (118.78)

   

Phosphorus, mgd

Trial entry

1586.85 (497.80)

1595.95 (515.48)

0.08

0.16

28.14 (-11.27 to 67.56)

28 weeks

1657.50 (493.47)

1618.65 (509.91)

   

36 weeks

1671.51 (516.33)

1626.25 (518.62)

   

4 months

1689.35 (528.98)

1655.95 (514.58)

   

Potassium, mg

Trial entry

3591.78 (1220.73)

3570.31 (1169.87)

0.05

0.69

23.15 (-90.33 to 136.63)

28 weeks

3723.05 (1129.40)

3586.57 (1223.47)

 

0.004

173.10 (54.97 to 291.23)

36 weeks

3674.33 (1131.83)

3541.08 (1185.20)

 

0.01

158.03 (38.14 to 277.92)

4 months

3781.35 (1271.44)

3657.89 (1165.91)

 

0.06

127.88 (-4.96 to 260.72)

Iodine, μgd

Trial entry

204.05 (108.94)

205.81 (105.00)

0.37

0.38

3.54 (-4.36 to 11.44)

28 weeks

210.93 (97.92)

206.26 (96.36)

   

36 weeks

215.94 (101.27)

209.86 (99.91)

   

4 months

214.81 (109.29)

212.34 (102.24)

   

Vitamin A Active Equivalent, μgd

Trial entry

1475.35 (974.00)

1404.15 (752.52)

0.16

0.003

110.40 (36.48 to 184.32)

28 weeks

1605.54 (1323.79)

1424.89 (890.08)

   

36 weeks

1462.83 (821.57)

1363.63 (877.70)

   

4 months

1658.00 (1077.44)

1539.68 (852.02)

   

Retinol, μgd

Trial entry

366.23 (558.09)

336.37 (311.97)

0.34

0.33

18.56 (-18.64 to 55.75)

28 weeks

422.55 (1087.70)

372.54 (607.22)

   

36 weeks

349.30 (400.65)

369.78 (508.35)

   

4 months

376.11 (626.42)

371.01 (464.27)

   

Vitamin B1 (thiamine), mgd

Trial entry

1.55 (0.57)

1.52 (0.56)

0.50

0.07

0.04 (-0.00 to 0.08)

28 weeks

1.61 (0.55)

1.57 (0.61)

   

36 weeks

1.62 (0.55)

1.56 (0.62)

   

4 months

1.58 (0.57)

1.54 (0.56)

   

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), mg

Trial entry

2.14 (0.84)

2.19 (0.87)

0.02

0.22

-0.05 (-0.13 to 0.03)

28 weeks

2.33 (0.79)

2.28 (0.89)

 

0.05

0.08 (-0.00 to 0.17)

36 weeks

2.37 (0.86)

2.33 (0.87)

 

0.23

0.06 (-0.03 to 0.15)

4 months

2.34 (0.87)

2.29 (0.85)

 

0.24

0.06 (-0.04 to 0.15)

Niacin, mgd

Trial entry

22.60 (7.43)

22.49 (7.24)

0.32

0.09

0.49 (-0.08 to 1.07)

28 weeks

23.02 (7.61)

22.57 (7.47)

   

36 weeks

23.04 (7.05)

22.35 (7.75)

   

4 months

23.89 (7.47)

23.25 (7.08)

   

Vitamin C, mgd

Trial entry

165.11 (117.86)

152.24 (90.04)

0.50

0.02

8.87 (1.40 to 16.34)

28 weeks

158.26 (91.27)

147.34 (100.64)

   

36 weeks

149.35 (87.94)

142.60 (99.13)

   

4 months

139.11 (89.17)

133.80 (77.94)

   

Vitamin E, mgd

Trial entry

7.37 (2.90)

7.35 (2.91)

0.71

0.17

0.16 (-0.07 to 0.38)

28 weeks

7.58 (2.77)

7.39 (2.97)

   

36 weeks

7.40 (2.71)

7.23 (2.85)

   

4 months

7.94 (3.10)

7.74 (3.14)

   

Folate, μgd

Trial entry

529.62 (206.87)

520.74 (210.02)

0.49

0.03

17.49 (1.26 to 33.71)

28 weeks

545.59 (203.52)

528.35 (212.15)

   

36 weeks

540.67 (196.49)

522.05 (213.62)

   

4 months

544.99 (206.99)

528.74 (201.97)

   

Folate food, μgd

Trial entry

401.20 (161.35)

395.15 (160.90)

0.24

0.02

15.13 (2.14 to 28.12)

28 weeks

410.82 (161.38)

394.97 (161.04)

   

36 weeks

402.80 (150.79)

388.02 (161.70)

   

4 months

420.96 (164.11)

406.71 (156.54)

   
  1. aValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P-value) by time point estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment, time and treatment × time, adjusted for centre, parity and body mass index.
  2. bIncludes women who had a live birth, and who answered one or more questionnaires; excludes questionnaires with >25% missing responses, or where there was an unrealistic energy intake reported (<4,500 or >20,000 kJ).
  3. cWhere the treatment × time interaction was not statistically significant, it was dropped from the model.
  4. dValues are mean ± SD and treatment effects are differences in means (with 95% confidence interval and P-value) across all time points estimated from a linear mixed effects model including treatment and time, adjusted for centre, parity and BMI.
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