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Table 3 Hazard ratios of colorectal cancer in relation to individual lifestyle factors, the EPIC cohort (1992 to 2010)

From: Combined impact of healthy lifestyle factors on colorectal cancer: a large European cohort study

  

Colon cancer

Rectal cancer

Colorectal cancer

Healthy lifestyle factor

Index

Cases, number

Model 1aHR (95% CI)

Model 2bHR (95% CI)

Cases,

number

Model 1aHR (95% CI)

Model 2bHR (95% CI)

Cases,

number

Model 1aHR (95% CI)

Model 2bHR (95% CI)

All

          

Overweight and obesity

0

1,231

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

671

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1,902

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

1,138

0.80 (0.73-0.87)

0.80 (0.74-0.87)

719

0.93 (0.84-1.03)

0.92 (0.82-1.03)

1,857

0.84 (0.79-0.90)

0.84 (0.79-0.90)

Physical activity

0

1,144

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

648

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1,792

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

1,225

0.87 (0.80-0.95)

0.88 (0.81-0.96)

742

1.02 (0.91-1.14)

1.03 (0.92-1.15)

1,967

0.92 (0.86-0.99)

0.94 (0.87-1.00)

Smoking

0

550

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

378

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

928

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

1,819

0.90 (0.82-1.00)

0.91 (0.83-1.00)

1,012

0.82 (0.72-0.93)

0.84 (0.74-0.95)

2,831

0.87 (0.81-0.94)

0.88 (0.82-0.96)

Alcohol consumption

0

695

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

462

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1,157

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

1,671

0.91 (0.83-0.99)

0.91 (0.83-1.00)

928

0.79 (0.71-0.89)

0.81 (0.72-0.91)

2,602

0.86 (0.80-0.93)

0.87 (0.81-0.94)

Diet quality

0

1,084

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

629

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1,713

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

1,285

0.86 (0.79-0.94)

0.88 (0.81-0.96)

761

0.87 (0.78-0.98)

0.89 (0.79-1.01)

2,046

0.86 (0.81-0.93)

0.88 (0.83-0.95)

Men

          

Overweight and obesity

0

602

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

393

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

995

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

427

0.73 (0.64-0.83)

0.74 (0.65-0.84)

335

0.89 (0.76-1.03)

0.90 (0.77-1.05)

762

0.79 (0.72-0.87)

0.80 (0.73-0.88)

Physical activity

0

515

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

360

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

875

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

514

0.90 (0.79-1.00)

0.91 (0.80-1.03)

368

0.92 (0.79-1.08)

0.93 (0.80-1.09)

882

1.09 (0.99-1.20)

1.08 (0.98-1.19)

Smoking

0

289

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

223

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

512

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

740

0.95 (0.82-1.09)

0.96 (0.83-1.10)

505

0.88 (0.75-1.04)

0.92 (0.78-1.08)

1,245

0.92 (0.83-1.02)

0.94 (0.97-1.00)

Alcohol consumption

0

377

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

287

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

664

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

652

0.83 (0.73.0.95)

0.85 (0.74-0.97)

441

0.74 (0.63-0.87)

0.76 (0.64-0.89)

1,093

0.79 (0.72-0.88)

0.81 (0.73-0.89)

Diet quality

0

451

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

342

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

793

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

578

0.88 (0.76-1.00)

0.89 (0.78-1.02)

386

0.78 (0.67-0.92)

0.80 (0.68-0.94)

964

0.84 (0.75-0.93)

0.85 (0.77-0.95)

Women

          

Overweight and obesity

0

629

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

278

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

907

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

711

0.85 (0.76-0.96)

0.86 (0.77-0.96)

384

0.97 (0.82-1.14)

0.95 (0.81-1.12)

1,095

0.89 (0.81-0.98)

0.89 80.81-0.97)

Physical activity

0

629

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

288

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

917

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

711

0.85 (0.75-0.95)

0.86 (0.77-0.97)

374

1.16 (0.98-1.37)

1.17 (0.99-1.38)

1,085

0.94 (0.85-1.04)

0.95 (0.86-1.05)

Smoking

0

261

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

155

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

416

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

1,079

0.87 (0.76-1.01)

0.88 (0.77-1.02)

507

0.76 (0.63-0.92)

0.76 (0.63-0.93)

1,586

0.83 (0.74-0.93)

0.84 (0.75-0.94)

Alcohol consumption

0

318

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

175

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

493

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

1,022

0.99 (0.87-1.13)

0.99 (0.88-1.14)

487

0.90 (0.75-1.07)

0.91 (0.76-1.09)

1,509

0.96 (0.87-1.06)

0.96 (0.87-1.07)

Diet quality

0

633

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

287

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

920

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 

1

707

0.84 (0.75-0.95)

0.86 (0.77-0.97)

375

0.98 (0.83-1.17)

1.00 (0.84-1.18)

1,082

0.89 (0.81-0.98)

0.91 (0.82-1.00)

  1. aBase model stratified by EPIC study centre and adjusted for age, sex, education (none, primary school, technical/professional school). bMultivariable model stratified by EPIC study centre and adjusted for age, sex, education (none, primary school, technical/professional school, university degree) and after mutual adjustment for other lifestyle factors, including overweight and obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and diet quality (binary variables). CI, confidence interval; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HR, hazard ratio; PAR, population attributable fraction; Ref., reference.
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