Figure 3

Dose-response relationship between maternal caffeine intake and low birth weight/IUGR/SGA (n = 7). Adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs (dashed lines) are reported. Caffeine intake was modeled with a linear trend (P-value for non-linearity = 0.89) in a random-effects model. The vertical axis is on a log scale. The open circles represent the effect estimates from each study (the number of circles for a study depends on the number of caffeine intake categories in the study) and the size of the circles is proportional to the precision of the estimates. Mills et al.'s [23] and Sengpiel et al.'s [9] studies were not included in this graph as they did not provide sufficient results for categories of caffeine intake. CI, confidence interval; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; LBW, low birth weight; SGA, small for gestational age.