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Table 1 Socio-demographic, lifestyle and morbidity characteristics of all study participants

From: Epidemiology of multimorbidity in China and implications for the healthcare system: cross-sectional survey among 162,464 community household residents in southern China

Variables

Total (%)

Mean number of morbidities (SD)

Pvaluea

Percentage with ≥1 morbidity (95% CI)b

Pvaluec

Percentage with ≥2 morbidities (95%CI)b

Pvaluec

All participants

162,464 (100.0%)

0.45 (1.00)

 

23.8% (23.0 to 24.6)

 

11.1% (10.6 to 11.6)

 

Gender

       

 Female

78,972 (48.6%)

0.48 (1.07)

<0.001

22.8% (22.1 to 23.6)

<0.001

13.0% (12.4 to 13.6)

<0.001

 Male

83,492 (51.4%)

0.42 (0.94)

 

24.7% (23.8 to 25.6)

 

9.2% (8.8 to 9.7)

 

Age, years

       

 0 to 24

49,413 (30.4%)

0.06 (0.32)

<0.001

5.0% (4.7 to 5.2)

<0.001

0.9% (0.8 to 1.0)

<0.001

 25 to 44

55,402 (34.1%)

0.20 (0.58)

 

14.3% (13.5 to 15.2)

 

3.7% (3.5 to 3.9)

 

 45 to 64

44,020 (27.1%)

0.80 (1.25)

 

40.4% (39.5 to 41.3)

 

20.5% (19.7 to 21.3)

 

 ?65

13,629 (8.4%)

1.74 (1.54)

 

76.9% (76.0 to 77.9)

 

47.5% (45.7 to 49.4)

 

Monthly household income per head

       

 Less than ¥1,000

59,202 (36.9%)

0.43 (0.97)

<0.001

22.8% (22.1 to 23.5)

<0.001

10.4% (9.9 to 10.9)

<0.001

 ¥1,000 to 1,999

38,387 (23.9%)

0.45 (1.00)

 

24.5% (23.8 to 25.3)

 

10.8% (10.4 to 11.2)

 

 ¥2,000 to 2,999

46,613 (29.0%)

0.47 (1.04)

 

24.2% (23.3 to 25.2)

 

12.0% (11.4 to 12.6)

 

 ¥3,000 and above

16,392 (10.2%)

0.50 (1.06)

 

25.7% (24.6 to 26.7)

 

12.9% (12.2 to 13.6)

 

Marital status

       

 Single

35,111 (21.9%)

0.16 (0.57)

<0.001

10.1% (9.6 to 10.6)

<0.001

3.7% (3.5 to 4.0)

<0.001

 Married

119,675 (74.5%)

0.52 (1.07)

 

27.4% (26.6 to 28.3)

 

13.0% (12.4 to 13.6)

 

 Divorced

1,239 (0.8%)

0.37 (0.86)

 

21.6% (20.7 to 22.5)

 

8.8% (8.1 to 9.5)

 

 Widowed

4,570 (2.8%)

0.89 (1.42)

 

39.6% (38.4 to 40.9)

 

23.2% (21.9 to 24.6)

 

Education level

       

 No education

18,876 (11.8%)

0.93 (1.33)

<0.001

45.8% (44.6 to 47.1)

<0.001

24.1% (23.0 to 25.4)

<0.001

 Primary school

39,023 (24.3%)

0.58 (1.13)

 

29.4% (28.6 to 30.4)

 

14.4% (13.8 to 15.1)

 

 Secondary school

81,779 (50.9%)

0.33 (0.86)

 

18.5% (17.7 to 19.2)

 

7.8% (7.4 to 8.2)

 

 College and above

20,918 (13.0%)

0.27 (0.78)

 

15.3% (14.6 to 16.0)

 

6.9% (6.6 to 7.2)

 

Employment status

       

 Unemployed

27,994 (17.4%)

0.70 (1.22)

<0.001

35.0% (33.7 to 36.4)

<0.001

17.8% (17.0 to 18.7)

<0.001

 Employee

101,020 (62.9%)

0.32 (0.82)

 

18.6% (18.0 to 19.2)

 

7.3% (7.0 to 7.5)

 

 Retired

16,346 (10.2%)

1.18 (1.48)

 

53.6% (52.1 to 55.0)

 

31.8% (30.1 to 33.6)

 

 Student

15,235 (9.5%)

0.12 (0.51)

 

7.4% (7.0 to 7.8)

 

3.0% (2.9 to 3.2)

 

Medical insurance

       

 Uninsured

25,705 (16.0%)

0.55 (1.07)

<0.001

28.5% (27.1 to 29.9)

<0.001

14.9% (14.3 to 15.6)

<0.001

 Insured

134,890 (84.0%)

0.43 (0.99)

 

23.1% (22.3 to 23.8)

 

10.5% (10.0 to 11.0)

 

Usual source of healthcare

       

 Primary level

100,903 (62.8%)

0.41 (0.96)

<0.001

22.0% (21.4 to 22.7)

<0.001

10.0% (9.6 to 10.4)

<0.001

 Secondary/Tertiary level

53,601 (33.4%)

0.52 (1.07)

 

27.0% (26.0 to 28.1)

 

13.3% (12.5 to 14.1)

 

 Mixed/Not sure

6,091 (3.8%)

0.52 (1.06)

 

28.2% (25.9 to 30.5)

 

12.4% (11.8 to 13.1)

 

Hospitalisation

       

 No

153,629 (94.6%)

0.39 (0.91)

<0.001

21.6% (20.8 to 22.4)

<0.001

9.7% (9.2 to 10.2)

<0.001

 Yes

8,835 (5.4%)

1.46 (1.71)

 

62.3% (61.8 to 62.8)

 

35.0% (34.2 to 35.7)

 

Smoking

       

 Non-smoker

134,036 (83.5%)

0.35 (0.89)

<0.001

19.0% (18.3 to 19.7)

<0.001

8.5% (8.0 to 8.9)

<0.001

 Smoker

24,616 (15.3%)

0.99 (1.34)

 

49.7% (48.7 to 50.7)

 

25.6% (24.7 to 26.5)

 

 Ever-smoker

1,943 (1.2%)

0.78 (1.29)

 

39.1% (38.5 to 39.6)

 

17.9% (17.4 to 18.4)

 

Alcohol consumption

       

 Seldom-drinker

141,482 (88.1%)

0.37 (0.92)

<0.001

20.2% (19.5 to 20.9)

<0.001

9.0% (8.6 to 9.4)

<0.001

 Regular drinker

18,988 (11.8%)

1.04 (1.35)

 

51.6% (50.7 to 52.6)

 

27.5% (26.5 to 28.5)

 

 Ever-drinker

125 (0.1%)

1.40 (1.84)

 

55.5% (52.4 to 58.6)

 

32.4% (29.6 to 35.3)

 

Dietary preference

       

 Normal

126,799 (79.0%)

0.45 (1.00)

<0.001

24.2% (23.4 to 25.1)

<0.001

11.2% (10.7 to 11.8)

<0.001

 Salty diet

14,170 (8.8%)

0.73 (1.28)

 

34.9% (33.7 to 36.1)

 

19.1% (18.2 to 20.1)

 

 Bland diet

19,626 (12.2%)

0.25 (0.76)

 

14.1% (14.1 to 14.2)

 

5.4% (5.4 to 5.5)

 

Physical activity

       

 No

65,483 (40.8%)

0.50 (1.06)

<0.001

25.3% (24.4 to 26.2)

<0.001

13.1% (12.5 to 13.8)

<0.001

 Yes

95,112 (59.2%)

0.42 (0.97)

 

23.0% (22.2 to 23.7)

 

9.9% (9.4 to 10.3)

 

Number of chronic conditions

       

 0

123,778 (76.2%)

      

 1

20,699 (12.7%)

      

 2

8,184 (5.0%)

      

 3

5,839 (3.6%)

      

 4

2,432 (1.5%)

      

 5

856 (0.5%)

      

 6

414 (0.3%)

      

 ?7

262 (0.2%)

      
  1. aDifferences between means within each variable. t test for independent samples for gender, medical insurance, hospitalisation, physical activity; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for age, monthly household income per head, marital status, education level, employment status, usual source of healthcare, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary preference; brow percentages derived from the total number in the corresponding row; cdifferences between categories within each variable. Chi-square test for 2 × n tables. CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.
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