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Table 2 Associations between multimorbidity and age, gender, socio-economic and lifestyle behaviour factors

From: Epidemiology of multimorbidity in China and implications for the healthcare system: cross-sectional survey among 162,464 community household residents in southern China

Covariates

Unadjusted OR

95%CI

Pvaluea

Adjusted ORb

95%CI

Pvaluea

Age, per five years

1.42

1.40 to 1.43

<0.001

1.36

1.35 to 1.38

<0.001

Gender, female

1.48

1.46 to 1.49

<0.001

1.70

1.64 to 1.76

<0.001

Monthly household income per head

      

 Less than ¥1,000

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 ¥1,000 to 1,999

1.05

1.03 to 1.06

 

0.99

0.98 to 1.01

 

 ¥2,000 to 2,999

1.18

1.15 to 1.20

 

1.09

1.08 to 1.11

 

 ¥3,000 and above

1.28

1.24 to 1.32

 

1.15

1.12 to 1.18

 

Marital status

      

 Single

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 Married

3.84

3.63 to 4.07

 

0.47

0.43 to 0.53

 

 Divorce

2.49

2.31 to 2.68

 

0.88

0.81 to 0.96

 

 Widowed

7.79

7.15 to 8.49

 

0.94

0.86 to 1.03

 

Education level

      

 No education

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 Primary school

0.53

0.50 to 0.56

 

0.79

0.76 to 0.83

 

 Secondary school

0.27

0.25 to 0.28

 

0.69

0.66 to 0.72

 

 College and above

0.23

0.22 to 0.24

 

0.66

0.62 to 0.69

 

Employment status

      

 Unemployed

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 Employee

0.36

0.34 to 0.38

 

0.62

0.59 to 0.65

 

 Retired

2.15

2.04 to 2.27

 

1.18

1.13 to 1.23

 

 Student

0.14

0.14 to 0.15

 

0.63

0.56 to 0.72

 

Medical insurance

      

 Insured

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 Uninsured

1.49

1.44 to 1.55

 

1.79

1.71 to 1.89

 

Usual source of healthcare

      

 Primary level

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 Secondary/Tertiary level

1.38

1.32 to 1.45

 

1.21

1.16 to 1.27

 

 Mixed/Not sure

1.28

1.24 to 1.31

 

1.20

1.15 to 1.25

 

Smoking

      

 Non-smoker

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 Smoker

3.72

3.64 to 3.79

 

3.07

3.00 to 3.14

 

 Ever-smoker

2.36

2.23 to 2.49

 

1.92

1.80 to 2.04

 

Alcohol consumption

      

 Seldom-drinker

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 Regular drinker

3.83

3.75 to 3.91

 

3.25

3.18 to 3.33

 

 Ever-drinker

4.84

4.30 to 5.45

 

3.49

3.07 to 3.97

 

Dietary preference

      

 Normal

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 Salty diet

1.88

1.81 to 1.94

 

1.97

1.90 to 2.03

 

 Bland diet

0.45

0.43 to 0.48

 

0.49

0.47 to 0.51

 

Physical activity

      

 Yes

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

1.00 (Ref)

 

<0.001

 No

1.38

1.33 to 1.43

 

1.31

1.27 to 1.35

 
  1. a P values are based on joint tests, which test the overall differences between the individual categories of the corresponding variable; badjusted for all other covariates (independent variables) listed in the table. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference. Dependent variable: presence of multimorbidity (1?=?Yes; 0?=?No).
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