From: Comorbidity and dementia: a scoping review of the literature
Study and country | Study type | Dementia/CI | Control/comparison | Eligibility criteria | Recruited from | Number whole sample | Number dementia/CI | Diabetes (%) | Stroke (%) | VI (%) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barnett [26] UK (Scotland) | Cross-sectional | Dementia | NA | Alive, permanently registered with a participating practice | Primary care -national dataset | 1751841 | 11139 | 13.3 | 18.8 | 3.8 | VI is blindness/low vision |
Doraiswamy [2] | Cross-sectional | Dementia | NA | Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, 50 or over | Community health care sites | 679 | 679 | - | - | - | 61% had three or more comorbidities, 30% had vascular or heart disease. Sample included mixture of community dwelling and long-term care |
Feil [36] USA | Longitudinal cross sectional | CI | No CI | Geographically defined, 65 and over | Population derived sample | 7482 | 1774 | 26 | 34 | - | |
Heun [46] UK | Retrospective case control | Dementia | No dementia | Diagnosis of AD, 70+, in-patient care for at least 24 hours | Hospital in-patients | 72878 | 634 | 6 | 3 | 1 | VI is glaucoma. Diagnosis of diabetes less common in those with AD than controls RR 0.7 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.9). No significant difference in prevalence of ischemic stroke RR 1.3 95% CI 0.9 to 2.0, or glaucoma RR 2.0 (1.0 to 4.3) |
Jara [82] UK | Retrospective cohort | Dementia | No dementia | 64 and over, at least 24 months continuous enrolment, no cataract diagnosis at baseline | Primary care -national dataset | 650325 | 8124 | - | - | - | Lower rate of any cataract in AD group compared to controls HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.58) |
Löppönen [55] Finland | Cross-sectional | Dementia | NA | Geographically defined, 65 and over | Population based | 1260 | 112 | 16 | 24 | 29 | PWD less likely to be diagnosed with glaucoma OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.86), no difference in rates of cataract p =0.287 |
Lyketsos [56] USA | Case-control | Dementia/CI | No dementia/CI | Geographically defined, 65 and over | Population based | 695 | 374 | 20 | 16 | - | Stroke more common in people with dementia p <0.001 |
McCormick [58] USA | Case-control | Dementia/CI | No dementia/CI | Aged 60 and over, members of HMO, geographically defined | Population derived (from HMO database) | 154 | 154 | 6 | 3a | 10 | Visual problems less common in PWD (10% versus 24%) |
Rait [64] UK | Cohort | Dementia | No dementia | 60 and over with first code for dementia during study period, at least six months data | Primary care - national dataset | 135174 | 22529 | 14 | 29a | - | No difference in prevalence of diabetes (13.9% versus 14.5%) but cerebrovascular disease more common in people with dementia (29.3% versus 13.3%) |
Sakurai [65] Japan | Cross sectional | Dementia | NA | Dementia or MCI | Memory clinic | 160 | 160 | 19 | - | - | Dementia and CI |
Schubert [5] USA | Cross-sectional | Dementia | No dementia | 65 and older, seen primary care physician within two years. Excluded nursing home residents, non-English speaking | Primary care | 3013 | 107 | 39 | 10 | - | No significant difference in prevalence of DM (P =0.19) or stroke (P =0.89) between those with and without dementia |
Stephan [72] UK | Cross-sectional | MCI | No MCI | 65 and over | Population based | 13004 | 1486 | 7 | 19 | - | |
Uhlmann[75] USA | Case control | Dementia | No dementia | 65 and over, English speaking, eighth-grade or higher education, ability to complete audiometric evaluation | Adult medicine clinic | 174 | 87 | not given | not given | - | Prevalence of VI significantly higher in cases than controls (OR 2 95% CI 1.2-3.4). |
Zamrini [80] USA | Case control | Dementia | NA | Probable AD, black or white (white participants matched non randomly to black participants) | Memory clinic database | 334 | 334 | 18 | 9 | 10 | Includes all eye diseases |
Zekry [81] Switzerland | Cohort | Dementia | No dementia | 75 and over. Excluded: terminal illness, disorders interfering with psychometric assessment | Hospital in-patients | 349 | 188 | 19 | 22 | - | MCI + dementia |