Table 1 Baseline age-adjusted characteristics of participants in the three cohorts according to quintile of total dairy consumption a
From: Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis
| Â | HPFS (1986) | NHS I (1980) | NHS II (1991) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Q1 (number = 8,638) | Q3 (number = 8,823) | Q5 (number = 8,323) | Q1 (number = 13,456) | Q3 (number = 13,397) | Q5 (number = 13,433) | Q1 (number = 17,225) | Q3 (number = 17,147) | Q5 (number = 17,213) |
Total dairy intake (servings/day) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.7)b | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.7) | 3.8 (3.4 to 4.6) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | 1.9 (1.8 to 2.0) | 3.4 (3.1 to 3.8) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 2.0 (1.7 to 2.3) | 3.9 (3.4 to 4.8) |
Age (years) | 52.6(9.1)c | 52.9(9.5) | 53.4(9.7) | 46.4 (7.1) | 46.1(7.1) | 46.3(7.3) | 36.8(4.6) | 36.0(4.7) | 35.2(4.6) |
Physical activity (MET-hours/week) | 19.9(29.1) | 21.6(28.0) | 22.1(29.9) | 12.3(17.5) | 14.0(19.4) | 15.4 (21.1) | 19.0(27.2) | 21.3(26.9) | 22.7(28.6) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8(4.9) | 25.0(4.8) | 25.0(4.9) | 24.0(4.3) | 24.3(4.3) | 24.3(4.4) | 24.4(5.3) | 24.6(5.3) | 24.5(5.1) |
Race, white (%) | 91.7 | 96.0 | 97.0 | 95.8 | 98.5 | 98.9 | 93.0 | 97.6 | 97.9 |
Current smoker (%) | 10.3 | 8.6 | 10.5 | 34.6 | 25.9 | 24.0 | 15.6 | 10.7 | 10.8 |
Hypertension (%) | 21.0 | 19.6 | 17.4 | 16.4 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 5.2 |
High cholesterol (%) | 12.6 | 10.0 | 8.2 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 16.0 | 13.6 | 12.6 |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 23.1 | 24.7 | 23.9 | 28.2 | 28.3 | 28.6 | 34.9 | 34.1 | 32.3 |
Postmenopausal (%) | NA | NA | NA | 32.1 | 31.2 | 31.3 | 3.55 | 2.99 | 2.72 |
Current menopausal hormone use (%)d | NA | NA | NA | 21.6 | 22.1 | 21.6 | 83.1 | 80.9 | 83.8 |
Current oral conceptive use (%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 11.49 | 12.06 | 9.14 |
Total energy (Kcal/day) | 1,657(523) | 1,957(546) | 2,425(626) | 1,433(364) | 1,699(363) | 2,013(403) | 1,443(475) | 1,791(469) | 2,180(514) |
Alcohol (g/day) | 12.3(16.6) | 11.5(15.0) | 10.4(15.0) | 7.1(11.0) | 6.1 (8.8) | 5.2(8.0) | 3.2(6.6) | 3.4(6.0) | 3.1(6.0) |
Cereal fiber (g/day) | 5.6(4.0) | 6.0(3.8) | 5.6(3.5) | 4.5 (2.1) | 5.0 (2.1) | 4.8 (1.9) | 5.4 (3.1) | 5.8(3.0) | 5.4(2.8) |
Glycemic load | 127(30) | 125(24) | 120(230) | 103 (20) | 103 (16) | 101 (15) | 127 (26) | 121 (20) | 115 (18) |
Polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio | 0.68(0.26) | 0.56(0.17) | 0.47(0.15) | 0.59(0.18) | 0.56 (0.14) | 0.51 (0.13) | 0.60(0.19) | 0.52(0.13) | 0.45(0.12) |
Trans fat (% of total energy) | 2.8 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.6) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.8(0.7) | 1.6(0.6) | 1.5(0.5) |
Fruit and vegetables (servings/day) | 4.9(2.8) | 5.4(2.6) | 5.8(2.9) | 4.3 (1.9) | 5.2 (1.9) | 5.9 (2.1) | 4.1(2.7) | 5.2(2.7) | 6.0(3.1) |
Red and processed meat intake (servings/day) | 0.99(0.79) | 1.16(0.79) | 1.33(0.90) | 1.02(0.60) | 1.01 (0.51) | 1.07 (0.56) | 1.03(0.67) | 1.17(0.68) | 1.24(0.72) |
Nuts intake (servings/day) | 0.38(0.54) | 0.46(0.59) | 0.58(0.73) | 0.13 (0.18) | 0.16(0.19) | 0.19 (0.21) | 0.07(0.20) | 0.09(0.19) | 0.10(0.22) |
SSB intake (servings/day) | 0.34(0.64) | 0.36(0.58) | 0.40(0.62) | 0.33 (0.57) | 0.27 (0.42) | 0.29 (0.42) | 0.54(0.99) | 0.45(0.80) | 0.45(0.77) |
Coffee intake (servings/day) | 1.87(1.78) | 1.92(1.75) | 2.05(1.90) | 2.08(1.57) | 2.14 (1.42) | 2.21 (1.50) | 1.43 (1.71) | 1.57(1.64) | 1.70(1.74) |