Skip to main content

Table 2 HRs (95% CI) of type 2 diabetes risk according to quintile of total dairy intake in HPFS, NHS I and NHS II

From: Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis

 

Frequency of consumption

P -trend b

HR (95% CI) for one serving/day

 

Q1 a

Q2 a

Q3 a

Q4 a

Q5 a

HPFS

       

Daily servings

(0.64, <0.86)c

(1.18, 0.86 to 1.34)

(1.64, 1.35 to 1.90)

(2.32, 1.91, 2.99)

(3.59, ≥3.00)

  

Cases/person-years

660/161,017

698/157,956

654/159,981

669/160.184

683/159,307

  

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjustedd

1.0

1.06 (0.95, 1.18)

0.98 (0.87, 1.09)

0.97 (0.87, 1.09)

0.97 (0.87, 1.09)

0.34

0.98 (0.95, 1.01)

Adjusted for non-dietary factorsd

1.0

1.10 (0.98, 1.22)

1.02 (0.92, 1.14)

1.00 (0.89, 1.12)

1.01 (0.90, 1.14)

0.60

0.99 (0.96, 1.02)

Adjusted for dietary factorsd

1.0

1.08 (0.97, 1.21)

1.01 (0.91, 1.13)

0.99 (0.88, 1.11)

0.99 (0.88, 1.11)

0.38

0.98 (0.95, 1.01)

NHS

       

Daily servings

(0.91, <1.20)

(1.45, 1.20 to 1.66)

(1.91, 1.67 to 2.15)

(2.45, 2.16, 2.83)

(3.37, ≥2.84)

  

Cases/person-years

1,596/350,963

1,575/350,493

1,531/351,353

1,584/350,639

1,555/351,058

  

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjusted

1.00

0.93 (0.87, 1.00)

0.88 (0.82, 0.95)

0.90 (0.84, 0.97)

0.90 (0.83, 0.97)

0.01

0.97 (0.94, 0.99)

Adjusted for non-dietary factors

1.00

0.97 (0.90, 1.04)

0.93 (0.86, 1.00)

0.94 (0.88, 1.02)

0.94 (0.87, 1.02)

0.13

0.98 (0.95, 1.00)

Adjusted for dietary factors

1.00

1.00 (0.93, 1.07)

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

1.03 (0.95, 1.11)

1.05 (0.97, 1.14)

0.15

1.02 (0.99, 1.05)

NHS II

       

Daily servings

(0.79, <1.06)

(1.40, 1.06 to 1.61)

(1.96, 1.62 to 2.24)

(2.71, 2.25, 3.02)

(3.85, ≥3.03)

  

Cases/person-years

856/283,968

866/285,509

802/286,713

731/286,865

696/288,188

  

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjusted

1.00

1.00 (0.91, 1.10)

0.92 (0.83, 1.01)

0.85 (0.77, 0.95)

0.83 (0.75, 0.92)

<0.001

0.93 (0.90, 0.96)

Adjusted for non-dietary factors

1.00

1.05 (0.96, 1.16)

1.01 (0.91, 1.11)

0.95 (0.86, 1.06)

0.94 (0.84, 1.04)

0.05

0.96 (0.94, 0.99)

Adjusted for dietary factors

1.00

1.08 (0.98, 1.18)

1.04 (0.94, 1.15)

0.99 (0.89, 1.10)

1.00 (0.89, 1.11)

0.46

0.98 (0.95, 1.01)

Pooled analysis

       

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjusted

1.00

0.98 (0.93, 1.03)

0.91 (0.86, 0.96)

0.90 (0.86, 0.95)

0.90 (0.85, 0.95)

<0.001e

0.96 (0.94, 0.98)e

Adjusted for non-dietary factors

1.00

1.02 (0.97, 1.07)

0.97 (0.92, 1.02)

0.96 (0.91, 1.01)

0.95 (0.90, 1.01)

0.02

0.98 (0.96, 0.99)

Adjusted for dietary factors

1.00

1.04 (0.98, 1.09)

1.00 (0.95, 1.06)

1.01 (0.96, 1.07)

1.02 (0.96, 1.08)

0.99

0.99 (0.98, 1.01)

  1. aQ is quintile; b P-trend was calculated by assigning median values to each quintile and was treated as continuous variable; cquintile median and cut-points in parentheses (all such values); dmodel was adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (eight categories), total energy intake (quintiles). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for race, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, menopausal status and menopausal hormone use (NHS I and II participants only), oral contraceptive use (NHS II participants only), diabetes family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia. Model 3 was additionally adjusted for trans-fat intake, glycemic load, red and processed meat intake, nuts intake, SSB intake, and coffee intake. e P for heterogeneity <0.05. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; HRs, hazard ratios; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; Q, quintile.
Back to article page

BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

Contact us