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Table 3 Relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes among men according to low-fat versus high-fat dairy food intake

From: Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis

 

Dairy intake (daily servings)

 

HR (95% CI) for one serving/day

Variable

Q1 a

Q2 a

Q3 a

Q4 a

Q5 a

P -trend b

 

Low-fat dairy intake

  

HPFS

       

Daily servings

(0.07, <0.14)c

(0.43, 0.14 to 0.49)

(0.86, 0.50 to 0.99)

(1.28, 1.00 to 1.49)

(2.57, ≥1.50)

  

Cases/person-years

709/154,402

681/161,216

666/163,722

663/159,761

645/159,343

  

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjustedd

1.00

0.93 (0.84, 1.04)

0.89 (0.80, 0.99)

0.92 (0.82, 1.02)

0.88 (0.79, 0.99)

0.06

0.97 (0.93, 1.00)

Unadjusted for dietary factorsd

1.00

0.95 (0.85, 1.06)

0.92 (0.83, 1.02)

0.94 (0.84, 1.05)

0.90 (0.80, 1.00)

0.09

0.97 (0.93, 1.00)

Adjusted for dietary factorsd

1.00

0.97 (0.87, 1.07)

0.95 (0.85, 1.06)

0.98 (0.88, 1.09)

0.95 (0.84, 1.06)

0.45

0.98 (0.95, 1.02)

NHS

       

Daily servings

(0.23, <0.42)

(0.64, 0.43 to 0.82)

(1.03, 0.83 to 1.21)

(1.50, 1.22 to 1.85)

(2.42, ≥1.86)

  

Cases/person-years

1,652/351,416

1,504/350,553

1,620/350,912

1,479/350,718

1,586/350,907

  

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjusted

1.00

0.89 (0.83, 0.96)

0.93 (0.87, 1.00)

0.84 (0.78, 0.90)

0.90 (0.84, 0.96)

0.004

0.96 (0.94, 0.99)

Unadjusted for dietary factors

1.00

0.93 (0.87, 1.00)

0.97 (0.91, 1.04)

0.89 (0.83, 0.96)

0.93 (0.87, 1.00)

0.06

0.98 (0.95, 1.00)

Adjusted for dietary factors

1.00

0.97 (0.91, 1.04)

1.03 (0.96, 1.10)

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

1.05 (0.97, 1.14)

0.17

1.02 (0.99, 1.06)

NHS II

       

Daily servings

(0.21, <0.34)

(0.67, 0.35 to 0.87)

(1.10, 0.88 to 1.21)

(1.68, 1.22 to 2.01)

(2.75, >2.02)

  

Cases/person-years

848/283,696

871/286,724

789/287,700

749/286,955

694/286,167

  

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjusted

1.00

1.00 (0.91, 1.10)

0.90 (0.82, 0.99)

0.88 (0.79, 0.97)

0.82 (0.74, 0.91)

<0.001

0.92 (0.89, 0.96)

Unadjusted for dietary factors

1.00

1.05 (0.95, 1.15)

0.99 (0.89, 1.09)

0.96 (0.87, 1.06)

0.90 (0.81, 1.00)

0.01

0.95 (0.92, 0.99)

Adjusted for dietary factors

1.00

1.07 (0.97, 1.17)

1.03 (0.93, 1.13)

1.01 (0.91, 1.12)

0.95 (0.85, 1.06)

0.13

0.97 (0.93, 1.01)

Pooled

       

Multivariate RR (95% CI)

1.00

1.00 (0.95, 1.05)

1.01 (0.96, 1.06)

0.99 (0.94, 1.04)

1.00 (0.94, 1.05)

0.72

1.00 (0.98, 1.02)e

 

High-fat dairy intake

  

HPFS

       

Daily servings

(0.16, <0.28)

(0.42, 0.28 to 0.49)

(0.64, 0.50 to 0.72)

(0.97, 0.73 to 1.14)

(1.78, >1.15)

  

Cases/person-years

621/159,021

615/161,726

695/159,337

694/159,123

739/159,238

  

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjusted

1.00

0.92 (0.82, 1.03)

1.02 (0.92, 1.14)

0.97 (0.86, 1.08)

1.04 (0.93, 1.16)

0.24

1.01 (0.96, 1.05)

Unadjusted for dietary factors

1.00

0.95 (0.85, 1.06)

1.08 (0.96, 1.20)

1.03 (0.92, 1.15)

1.09 (0.98, 1.23)

0.05

1.02 (0.97, 1.06)

Adjusted for dietary factors

1.00

0.90 (0.80, 1.01)

0.99 (0.88, 1.11)

0.94 (0.84, 1.05)

0.97 (0.86, 1.09)

0.87

0.98 (0.94, 1.03)

NHS

       

Daily servings

(0.21, <0.31)

(0.42, 0.32 to 0.50)

(0.62, 0.51 to 0.73)

(0.89, 0.74 to 1.10)

(1.53, >1.11)

  

Cases/person-years

1,620/351,081

1,557/350,717

1,530/350,871

1,551/350,817

1,583/351,020

  

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjusted

1.00

0.92 (0.86, 0.98)

0.89 (0.83, 0.96)

0.89 (0.82, 0.95)

0.96 (0.89, 1.04)

0.83

1.01 (0.97, 1.05)

Unadjusted for dietary factors

1.00

0.95 (0.88, 1.02)

0.93 (0.86, 1.00)

0.92 (0.86, 0.99)

0.99 (0.92, 1.07)

0.80

1.01 (0.97, 1.05)

Adjusted for dietary factors

1.00

0.95 (0.89, 1.02)

0.93 (0.86, 1.00)

0.92 (0.85, 0.99)

1.01 (0.93, 1.09)

0.51

1.03 (0.99, 1.07)

NHS II

       

Daily servings

(0.20, <0.28)

(0.43, 0.29 to 0.52)

(0.64, 0.53 to 0.77)

(0.98, 0.78 to 1.17)

(1.71, >1.18)

  

Cases/person-years

792/289,456

775/274,246

843/293,070

811/286,254

730/288,217

  

Age-, BMI-and energy-adjusted

1.00

0.95 (0.86, 1.05)

1.01 (0.91, 1.11)

1.01 (0.91, 1.12)

0.94 (0.85, 1.05)

0.40

0.96 (0.92, 1.01)

Unadjusted for dietary factors

1.00

0.98 (0.89, 1.09)

1.07 (0.97, 1.19)

1.09 (0.98, 1.20)

1.02 (0.92, 1.14)

0.49

0.99 (0.94, 1.03)

Adjusted for dietary factors

1.00

0.97 (0.88, 1.07)

1.05 (0.95, 1.16)

1.07 (0.96, 1.18)

1.03 (0.92, 1.15)

0.35

1.00 (0.95, 1.05)

Pooled

       

Multivariate Model

1.00

0.94 (0.90, 0.99)

0.97 (0.92, 1.02)

0.96 (0.91, 1.01)

1.00 (0.95, 1.06)

0.30

1.01 (0.98, 1.03)

  1. aQ is quintile; b P-trend was calculated by assigning median values to each quintile and was treated as continuous variable; cquintile median and cut-points in parentheses (all such values); dModel 1 was adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (eight categories), total energy intake (quintiles). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for race, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, menopausal status and menopausal hormone use (NHS I and II participants only), oral contraceptive use (NHS II participants only), diabetes family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia. Model 3 was additionally adjusted for trans-fat intake, glycemic load, red and processed meat intake, nuts intake, SSB intake, and coffee intake. e P for heterogeneity <0.05. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; NHS, Nurses Health Study.
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