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Table 4 Multivariate relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes among men and women according to intakes of dairy foods

From: Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis

 

Dairy intake (servings)

P for trend a

HR (95% CI) for one serving/day

Variable

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

Skim/low-fat milk

<1/week

1 to 4/week

5/week to 1.4/day

≥1.5/day

  

HPFS

0/weekc

2.3/week

0.9/day

2.5/day

  

Cases/person-years

800/187,455

878/211,190

1,095/263,155

591/136,644

  

Multivariate modelb

1.00

1.01 (0.91, 1.11)

1.05 (0.96, 1.16)

1.05 (0.94, 1.18)

0.35

0.99 (0.96, 1.03)

NHS

0.2/week

2.6/week

1.0/day

2.4/day

  

Cases/person-years

1,434/324,753

2,022/478,343

2,932/652,108

1,453/299,303

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.00 (0.93, 1.08)

1.05 (0.98, 1.12)

1.13 (1.04, 1.23)

<0.001

1.06 (1.02, 1.09)

NHS II

0.2/week

3.0/week

1.0/day

2.5/day

  

Cases/person-years

629/222,580

1,181/414,562

1,490/521.220

651/272,879

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.05 (0.95, 1.16)

1.15 (1.04, 1.27)

1.02 (0.91, 1.15)

0.92

0.97 (0.93, 1.01)

Pooled

      

Multivariate model

1.00

1.02 (0.97, 1.07)

1.07 (1.02, 1.12)

1.08 (1.02, 1.15)

0.006d

1.02 (0.99, 1.04)d

Cheese intake

<1/week

1 to 4/week

5/week to 1.4/day

≥1.5/day

  

HPFS

0.6/week

2.6/week

0.8/day

1.8/day

  

Cases/person-years

407/110,338

1,658/415,482

1,167/250,081

132/22,544

  

Multivariate Model

1.00

1.07 (0.96, 1.20)

1.16 (1.02, 1.31)

1.31 (1.07, 1.62)

0.002

1.07 (0.99, 1.15)

NHS

0.7/week

2.6/week

0.8/day

2.3/day

  

Cases/person-years

850/166,664

4,223/990,161

2,623/568,288

145/29,393

  

Multivariate Model

1.00

0.95 (0.90, 0.99)

1.00 (0.97, 1.04)

1.06 (0.90, 1.26)

0.09

1.09 (1.02, 1.17)

NHS II

0.7/week

2.6/week

0.8/day

1.7/day

  

Cases/person-years

364/118,132

1,964/751,355

1,499/520,280

124/41,475

  

Multivariate Model

1.00

0.90 (0.80, 1.02)

0.97 (0.85, 1.10)

0.89 (0.72, 1.10)

0.80

1.04 (0.96, 1.12)

Pooled

      

Multivariate Model

1.00

0.96 (0.92, 1.00)d

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)d

1.08 (0.96, 1.20)d

0.004

1.07 (1.03, 1.11)

Yogurt

<1/month

1 to 3/month

1/week

≥2/week

  

HPFS

0/month

2.1/month

1.0/week

3.0/week

  

Cases/person-years

1,894/413,496

669/160,207

485/134,656

316/90,085

  

Multivariate model

1.00

0.97 (0.88, 1.06)

0.89 (0.80, 0.99)

0.95 (0.84, 1.08)

0.30

0.85 (0.68, 1.06)

NHS

0/month

1.8/month

1.2/week

2.9/week

  

Cases/person-years

3,118/608,342

1,762/360,994

1,930/476,985

1,031/308,184

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.02 (0.96, 1.08)

0.91 (0.85, 0.97)

0.84 (0.78, 0.91)

<0.001

0.75 (0.65, 0.86)

NHS II

0/month

2.1/month

1.0/week

2.7/week

  

Cases/person-years

1,153/354,086

867/299,194

1,174/438,017

757/339,945

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.00 (0.91, 1.09)

1.00 (0.91, 1.09)

0.90 (0.81, 1.00)

0.02

0.94 (0.80, 1.10)

Pooled

      

Multivariate model

1.00

1.00 (0.96, 1.05)

0.93 (0.89, 0.97)

0.88 (0.83, 0.93)

<0.001

0.83 (0.75, 0.92)

Whole milk

<1/month

1 to 3/month

1/week

≥2/week

  

HPFS

0/month

2.1/month

1.5/week

5.2/week

  

Cases/person-years

2,492/606,198

323/70,991

215/51,858

334/69,398

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.05 (0.93, 1.18)

0.96 (0.83, 1.11)

1.11 (0.98, 1.25)

0.13

1.07 (0.98, 1.17)

NHS

0/month

1.5/month

1.05/week

3.5/week

  

Cases/person-years

4,736/107,7815

959/207,604

1,091/245,503

1,055/223,583

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.01 (0.94, 1.09)

0.99 (0.93, 1.06)

1.08 (1.00, 1.15)

0.05

1.14 (1.06, 1.23)

NHS II

0/month

2.1/month

1.5/week

4.7/week

  

Cases/person-years

3,373/122,3599

242/84,815

190/66,854

146/55,973

  

Multivariate model

1.00

0.96 (0.84, 1.09)

1.04 (0.90, 1.21)

1.03 (0.87, 1.22)

0.65

0.98 (0.83, 1.14)

Pooled

      

Multivariate model

1.00

1.01 (0.96, 1.07)

1.00 (0.94, 1.05)

1.08 (1.02, 1.14)

0.02

1.10 (1.04, 1.16)

Ice Cream

<1/month

1 to 3/month

1/week

≥2/week

  

HPFS

0/month

2.1/month

1.0/week

3.0/week

  

Cases/person-years

778/165,934

1,262/287,954

851/218,100

473/126,457

  

Multivariate RR (95% CI)

1.00

0.83 (0.75, 0.91)

0.68 (0.62, 0.76)

0.63 (0.56, 0.71)

<0.001

0.84 (0.71, 0.99)

NHS

0.6/month

1.8/month

1.1/week

2.8/week

  

Cases/person-years

1,282/286,271

2,822/626,515

2,518/570,309

1,219/271,411

  

Multivariate RR (95% CI)

1.00

0.90 (0.84, 0.96)

0.83 (0.78, 0.89)

0.79 (0.72, 0.86)

<0.001

0.71 (0.62, 0.82)

NHS II

0/month

2.1/month

1.1/week

3.0/week

  

Cases/person-years

1,185/436,526

1,679/598,547

830/306,473

257/89,696

  

Multivariate RR (95% CI)

1.00

0.88 (0.82, 0.95)

0.77 (0.70, 0.84)

0.79 (0.69, 0.91)

<0.001

0.90 (0.73, 1.12)

Pooled

      

Multivariate RR (95% CI)

1.00

0.87 (0.84, 0.91)

0.78 (0.74, 0.82)d

0.74 (0.70, 0.79)d

<0.001d

0.78 (0.71, 0.86)

Cream

<1/month

1 to 3/month

1/week

≥2/week

  

HPFS

0/month

1.5/month

1.0/week

4.5/week

  

Cases/person-years

2,145/501,934

509/127,177

261/66,686

449/102,648

  

Multivariate model

1.00

0.95 (0.86, 1.05)

0.94 (0.82, 1.07)

0.98 (0.88, 1.09)

0.84

0.94 (0.87, 1.02)

NHS

0/month

1.8/month

1.1/week

4.8/week

  

Cases/person-years

4,271/822,910

1,257/269,337

820/178,495

956/212,976

  

Multivariate model

1.00

0.96 (0.90, 1.03)

0.92 (0.85, 0.99)

0.99 (0.92, 1.07)

0.92

1.01 (0.95, 1.07)

NHS II

0/month

1.5/month

0.7/week

3.5/week

  

Cases/person-years

1,703/590,798

874/305,399

618/215,329

756/319,716

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.00 (0.92, 1.09)

1.02 (0.93, 1.13)

1.04 (0.94, 1.14)

0.46

1.02 (0.95, 1.09)

Pooled

      

Multivariate model

1.00

0.97 (0.93, 1.02)

0.95 (0.90, 1.01)

1.00 (0.95, 1.05)

0.88

0.99 (0.95, 1.03)

Sherbet

<1/month

1-3/month

1/week

≥2/week

  

HPFS

0/month

1.8/month

1.0/week

2.4/week

  

Cases/person-years

1,386/325,655

1,050/251,524

558/136,755

370/84,511

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.01 (0.93, 1.10)

1.05 (0.94, 1.17)

1.09 (0.97, 1.23)

0.13

0.98 (0.80, 1.21)

NHS

0.1/month

1.8/month

1.1/week

2.8/week

  

Cases/person-years

3,052/609,546

2,081/402,796

1,576/335,068

595/136,309

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.06 (1.00, 1.13)

1.02 (0.95, 1.09)

1.00 (0.91, 1.10)

0.79

0.96 (0.82, 1.12)

NHS II

0/month

2.1/month

1.3/week

3.0/week

  

Cases/person-years

1,292/501,292

1,413/499,003

946/321,704

300/109,243

  

Multivariate model

1.00

1.03 (0.95, 1.11)

1.00 (0.92, 1.10)

0.93 (0.81, 1.06)

0.24

0.94 (0.78, 1.14)

Pooled

      

Multivariate model

1.00

1.04 (1.00, 1.09)

1.02 (0.97, 1.07)

1.01 (0.94, 1.07)

0.88

0.96 (0.87, 1.07)

  1. a P-trend was calculated by assigning median values to each quintile and was treated as continuous variable; bmultivariate model was adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (eight categories), total energy intake (quintiles), race, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, menopausal status and menopausal hormone use (NHS I and II participants only), oral contraceptive use (NHS II participants only), diabetes family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, trans-fat intake, glycemic load, red and processed meat intake, nuts intake, SSB intake, and coffee intake, and other dairy types for individual dairy types; ccategory median intake (all such values); d P for heterogeneity <0.05. CI, confidence interval; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; HR, hazard ratio; NHS, Nurses Health Study.