Table 2 Characteristics of the non-frail population at baseline, by adherence to the dietary patterns
From: Major dietary patterns and risk of frailty in older adults: a prospective cohort study
Prudent pattern | Westernized pattern | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P value | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P value | |
n | 620 | 627 | 625 | 624 | 625 | 623 | ||
Number of frailty components, mean (SE) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | <0.01 | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | <0.01 |
Sex, women , % | 51.1 | 51.8 | 51.8 | 0.53 | 51.6 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 0.55 |
Age, years, mean (SE) | 70.1 (0.3) | 68.4 (0.3) | 67.6 (0.3) | <0.01 | 69.2 (0.3) | 68.7 (0.3) | 68.2 (0.3) | 0.02 |
Educational level, % | ||||||||
≤Primary | 56.7 | 48.4 | 56.4 | <0.01 | 51.7 | 56.3 | 53.6 | <0.01 |
Secondary | 22.9 | 27.4 | 24.8 | 24.2 | 25.2 | 25.7 | ||
University | 20.4 | 24.2 | 18.8 | 24.2 | 18.5 | 20.7 | ||
Occupational social class, % | ||||||||
I (Professionals, managers, proprietors and clerical workers) | 61.9 | 66.0 | 63.0 | 0.04 | 66.7 | 60.5 | 63.7 | 0.07 |
II (Self-employed farm workers) | 2.1 | 2.7 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 3.1 | ||
III (Skilled and unskilled manual workers) | 34.5 | 30.2 | 31.5 | 29.7 | 35.0 | 31.4 | ||
IV (Paid farm workers) | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.8 | ||
Tobacco, % | ||||||||
Never smoker | 61.6 | 59.1 | 60.3 | <0.01 | 63.9 | 60.9 | 56.1 | <0.01 |
Former smoker | 25.5 | 29.4 | 30.4 | 29.6 | 26.4 | 29.2 | ||
Current smoker | 12.9 | 11.5 | 9.3 | 6.5 | 12.7 | 14.6 | ||
Body mass index, kg/m2, % | ||||||||
<25 | 19.5 | 18.6 | 20.1 | 0.002 | 20.8 | 18.8 | 18.5 | 0.01 |
25–29.9 | 49.6 | 53.4 | 46.5 | 49.6 | 50.6 | 49.4 | ||
≥30 | 30.8 | 28.0 | 33.4 | 29.6 | 30.5 | 32.1 | ||
Energy intake, kcal/d, mean (SE) | 1731 (18) | 2009 (18) | 2358 (18) | <0.01 | 1854 (19) | 1922 (19) | 2324 (19) | <0.01 |
Mini-Mental State Examination, mean (SE) | 27.8 (0.1) | 28.2 (0.1) | 28.2 (0.1) | <0.01 | 28.2 (0.1) | 28.1 (0.1) | 27.9 (0.1) | <0.01 |
Eating difficulties, % | 3.3 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 0.11 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 0.03 |
Diagnosed diseases, % | ||||||||
Cardiovascular diseasea | 4.9 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 0.005 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 0.002 |
Diabetes | 13.0 | 11.9 | 9.7 | <0.01 | 12.2 | 10.1 | 12.2 | <0.01 |
Cancer | 1.2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.19 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.42 |
Asthma or chronic bronchitis | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 0.15 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 6.8 | 0.12 |
Osteomuscular diseaseb | 43.5 | 47.6 | 49.8 | <0.01 | 48.1 | 47.9 | 44.9 | <0.01 |
Depression needing treatment | 7.4 | 4.6 | 4.8 | <0.01 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 6.2 | <0.01 |
Limitation in IADL, % | 9.0 | 6.0 | 7.5 | <0.01 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 8.9 | <0.01 |
Number of treatments, mean (SE) | 2.1 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.1) | <0.01 | 2.2 (0.1) | 1.8 (0.1) | 1.8 (0.1) | <0.01 |