Inflammatory bowel disease | Mice | Attenuates DNBS-induced colitis | |
↑ IL-4, IL-13, TGF-β and ↓ IFN-γ, IL-1β, MPO activity, iNOS expression | |||
Prevents or attenuates TNBS- and DSS-induced colitis | |||
↑ IL-4, IL-10, F4/80+ macrophages and ↓ IFN-γ | |||
Prevents Rag IL-10−/− T-cell transfer model of colitis | |||
↑ tolerogenic DC and ↓ IFN-γ, IL-17 | |||
Attenuates DNBS-induced colitis | |||
↑ IL-10 | |||
Schistosoma japonicum [146] | Attenuates TNBS-induced colitis | ||
↑ IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, Treg, and ↓ IFN-γ | |||
Clonorchis sinensis [135] | Attenuates DSS-induced colitis | ||
↑ IL-10, IL-10+ F4/80+ macrophages and ↓ TNF-α | |||
Human | CD: open-label study: 79.3% responded, 72.4% remitted at 24Â weeks | ||
UC: placebo-controlled trial: 43.3% responded 12Â weeks versus 16.7% in placebo group; no significant difference in remission rates | |||
CD: phase 2 TRUST-I trial: no significant differences between TSO and placebo groups | |||
Necator americanus [155] | Improvement CDAI in 5/9 patients at 20Â weeks and 3/5 at 45Â weeks | ||
Mild adverse events | |||
Multiple sclerosis | Mice | Reduces incidence and attenuates EAE | |
↑ IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β and ↓ IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and CNS inflammatory cell infiltration | |||
Attenuates EAE | |||
↑ IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, Treg, tolerogenic DC and ↓ IFN-γ, IL-17 | |||
H. polygyrus [129] | Prevents EAE by transfer of B-cells from IL-10−/− infected mice | ||
Trichinella pseudospiralis [106] | Delays and attenuates EAE ↑ IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and ↓ TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 | ||
Schistosoma japonicum [164] | Attenuates EAE | ||
↑ IL-4 and ↓ IFN-γ and CNS inflammation | |||
Fasciola hepatica [161] | Attenuates EAE ↑ IL-10, tolerogenic DC, M2-macrophages, IL-10 secreting T-cells and ↓ IFN-γ, IL-17 | ||
Taenia Crassiceps [159] | Attenuates EAE | ||
↑ IL-4, IL-10, M2-macrophages and ↓ TNF-α, IL-17, iNOS expression and CNS inflammation | |||
Human | Hymenoleptis nanan, Trichuris trichura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, Enterobius vermicularis [131,165,166] | 12 naturally infected MS patients and 12 controls, follow-up 7.5Â years | |
↓ relapses, disability scores, MRI activity, and ↑ IL-10, TGF-β, Treg, Breg and ↓ IFN-γ, IL-12 in infected patients | |||
Anti-helminthic treatment ↑ clinical and radiological activity | |||
TSO [167] | 5 patients with relapsing-remitting MS | ||
↓ mean number of new MRI lesions | |||
Rheumatoid arthritis | Mice | Reduces incidence and attenuates CIA | |
↑ IL-10, late IL-22, tolerogenic DC, Breg and ↓ TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17, early IL-22, IgG2a | |||
Immunomodulatory effects related to PC moiety | |||
Schistosoma mansoni [107] | Attenuates CIA | ||
↑ IL-4, IL-10 and ↓ TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IgG2a | |||
Hymenoleptis diminuta [174] | Attenuates Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced arthritis | ||
Protection abrogated in mice lacking T- and B-cells or IL-4Rα or IL-10 | |||
Fasciola.hepatica [175] | Reduces incidence and attenuates CIA | ||
↑ IL-10, TGF-β, tolerogenic DC, Treg and ↓ TNF-α, IL-17A, IgG2a | |||
Schistosoma japonicum [176] | Attenuates CIA | ||
↑ IL-10, Treg, IgG1 and ↓ TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 Th-17 cells, IgG2a | |||
Heligmosomoides polygyrus and N. brasiliensis [177] | Reduces incidence and attenuates spontaneous arthritis in MRL/lpr mice | ||
↑ IL-4, IgG1 | |||
Type-1 diabetes | Mice | Reduces incidence or prevents diabetes in NOD mice | |
↑ IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, tolerogenic DC, Treg, V alpha 14i NKT cells | |||
Prevents class switch from IgM to IgG anti-insulin autoantibodies | |||
ω1 glycoprotein secreted by S. mansoni ova responsible for its effects | |||
Prevents and reduces severity of diabetes in NOD mice | |||
↑ IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, Treg and ↓ pancreatic insulitis | |||
Trichinella spiralis [109] | Prevents diabetes in NOD mice | ||
↑ IL-4 and ↓ pancreatic insulitis. No change in IL-10 and IFN-γ | |||
Prevents diabetes in immunocompetent and IL-4 deficient NOD mice | |||
↑ IL-4, IL-5, IgG1, Treg and ↓ pancreatic insulitis | |||
Dirofilaria immitis [181] | Prevents diabetes in NOD mice | ||
↑ IgE. Prevents class switch from IgM to IgG anti-insulin autoantibodies | |||
Celiac disease | Human | No significant change in symptom severity at the gluten challenge following treatment | |
↓ IFN-γ, IL17A | |||
Systemic lupus erythematosus | Mice | Schistosoma mansoni [185] | Change glomerulonephritis phenotype from diffuse proliferative to membranous pattern |
↑ IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and TGF-β | |||
Graves’ disease | Mice | Schistosoma mansoni [186] | Prevent Grave’s disease development |
↓ IFN-γ, IgG2a, anti-TSHR antibodies | |||
Psoriasis | Mice | Schistosoma mansoni [187] | Prevent psoriatic skin lesions in fsn/fsn mice |
↑ IL-13 and ↓ IFN-γ |