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Table 6 Factors associated with hypertensiona

From: High prevalence of hypertension and of risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs): a population based cross-sectional survey of NCDS and HIV infection in Northwestern Tanzania and Southern Uganda

 

Number with hypertension / total Number (%)b

Age-, sex- and stratum adjusted OR (95 % CI)c

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)c,d

Sociodemographic

   

Age group

 

P <0.001

P <0.001

 18–24 years

39 / 569 (6.9 %)

1

1

 25–34 years

63 / 598 (10.5 %)

1.61 (1.04 – 2.49)

1.62 (1.00 – 2.62)

 35–44 years

73 / 329 (22.2 %)

4.04 (2.80 – 5.84)

4.01 (2.53 – 6.36)

 ≥45 years

223 / 513 (43.5 %)

11.23 (7.84 – 16.10)

10.30 (6.41 – 16.54)

Sex

 

P = 0.008

P = 0.002

 Male

196 / 878 (22.3 %)

1

1

 Female

202 / 1131 (17.9 %)

0.72 (0.57 – 0.92)

0.67 (0.53 – 0.86)

Marital status

 

P = 0.03

P = 0.02

 Married/living as married

227 / 1205 (18.8 %)

1

1

 Divorced/separated/widowed

125 / 351 (35.6 %)

1.52 (1.11 -2.07 )

1.49 (1.11 -2.00 )

 Single

46 / 453 (10.2 %)

1.22 (0.76 -1.96 )

1.31 (0.81 -2.11 )

Education

 

P = 0.06

P = 0.06

 Secondary or above

91 / 675 (13.5 %)

1

1

 Primary

135 / 651 (20.7 %)

1.62 (1.09 -2.40 )

1.62 (1.09 -2.40 )

 None/incomplete primary

172 / 683 (25.2 %)

1.45 (0.99 -2.13 )

1.40 (0.95 -2.05 )

Monthly income (USD)

 

P = 0.32

P = 0.44

 Top tertile

119 / 655 (18.2 %)

1

1

 Middle tertile

120 / 663 (18.1 %)

1.02 (0.71 -1.46 )

0.96 (0.65 -1.40 )

 Lower tertile

159 / 691 (23.0 %)

1.24 (0.90 -1.70 )

1.16 (0.82 -1.64 )

Behavioral

  

Adjusted OR (95 % CI) c,e

Smoking

 

P = 0.004

P = 0.001

 Never smoked

320 / 1676 (19.1 %)

1

1

 Ex–smoker

37 / 153 (24.2 %)

0.59 (0.40 -0.87 )

0.56 (0.38 -0.82 )

 Current smoker

41 / 179 (22.9 %)

0.57 (0.38 -0.84 )

0.51 (0.35 -0.77 )

Alcohol consumption

 

P = 0.93

P = 0.59

 Never drinks/no drinking in past 12 months

273 / 1518 (18.0 %)

1

1

 Non–problem drinking7

100 / 399 (25.1 %)

1.00 (0.74 -1.36 )

1.05 (0.76 -1.43 )

 Problem drinking7

24 / 89 (27.0 %)

1.11 (0.63 -1.95 )

1.36 (0.75 -2.46 )

Eats fruit/vegetables fewer than five days/week

 

P = 0.69

P = 0.60

 No

239 / 1238 (19.3 %)

1

1

 Yes

159 / 771 (20.6 %)

1.05 (0.81 -1.37 )

1.08 (0.82 -1.42 )

Days of vigorous physical activity/week

 

P = 0.38

P = 0.32

 None

255 / 1178 (21.6 %)

1.27 (0.89 -1.80 )

1.29 (0.90 -1.85 )

 1–4

35 / 221 (15.8 %)

1.08 (0.66 -1.77 )

1.07 (0.65 -1.77 )

 5+

108 / 609 (17.7 %)

1

1

Anthropometric

  

Adjusted OR (95 % CI) c,f

BMI category (kg/m2)

 

P <0.001

P = 0.06

 Underweight (<18.5)

29 / 191 (15.2 %)

0.57 (0.35 -0.93 )

0.60 (0.37 -0.97 )

 Normal (18.5– < 25)

217 / 1337 (16.2 %)

1

1

 Overweight (25– < 30)

92 / 309 (29.8 %)

2.00 (1.37 -2.92 )

1.51 (0.94 -2.43 )

 Obese (≥30)

52 / 155 (33.5 %)

2.15 (1.34 -3.45 )

1.57 (0.95 -2.59 )

Waist circumference >94 cm (M)/>80 cm (F)

 

P <0.001

P = 0.02

 No

235 / 1474 (15.9 %)

1

1

 Yes

161 / 531 (30.3 %)

2.47 (1.66 -3.69 )

1.83 (1.12 - 3.01)

  1. aSystolic BP ≥140 and/or diastolic BP ≥90, in 3rd measurement at a single visit, or currently receiving drugs for high blood pressure; bactual number of respondents and proportion with hypertension, without sampling weights applied; cstandard errors adjusted for clustering in survey design; dsociodemographic factors adjusted for age, sex, stratum (a priori) and all independent sociodemographic predictors of hypertension: marital status and education (variables in bold); ebehavioral factors adjusted for age, sex, stratum, marital status, education and independent behavioral predictors of hypertension: smoking (variables in bold); fanthropometric factors adjusted for age, sex, stratum, marital status, education and independent behavioral and anthropometric predictors of hypertension: smoking, BMI category and waist circumference category (variables in bold); gbased on AUDIT screening tool. Non-problem drinking defined as AUDIT score <8; problem drinking as AUDIT score ≥8. AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; USD, US dollars