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Table 7 Factors associated with untreated stage II hypertensiona

From: High prevalence of hypertension and of risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs): a population based cross-sectional survey of NCDS and HIV infection in Northwestern Tanzania and Southern Uganda

 

Number with stage II hypertension / total Number (%)b

Age-, sex- and stratum adjusted OR (95 % CI)c

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)c,d

Sociodemographic

   

Age group

 

P <0.001

P <0.001

 <35 years

17 / 1163 (1.5 %)

1

1

 35–49 years

32 / 448 (7.1 %)

5.54 (3.18 -9.64 )

4.98 (2.90 -8.54 )

 ≥50 years

81 / 368 (22.0 %)

22.20 (13.01-37.89)

19.10 (11.48-31.79)

Sex

 

P = 0.31

P = 0.41

 Male

50 / 870 (5.7 %)

1

1

 Female

80 / 1109 (7.2 %)

1.23 (0.82 -1.84 )

1.18 (0.79 -1.78 )

Marital status

 

P = 0.38

P = 0.50

 Married/living as married

70 / 1191 (5.9 %)

1

1

 Divorced/separated/widowed

52 / 336 (15.5 %)

1.34 (0.88 -2.02 )

1.28 (0.85 -1.92 )

 Single

8 / 452 (1.8 %)

0.91 (0.43 -1.94 )

1.05 (0.49 -2.23 )

Education

 

P = 0.06

P = 0.06

 Secondary or above

20 / 664 (3.0 %)

1

1

 Primary

40 / 644 (6.2 %)

1.96 (1.01 -3.78 )

1.96 (1.01 -3.78 )

 None/incomplete primary

70 / 671 (10.4 %)

1.91 (1.12 -3.29 )

1.91 (1.12 -3.29 )

Monthly income (USD)

 

P = 0.34

P = 0.44

 Top tertile

15 / 294 (5.1 %)

1

1

 Middle tertile

20 / 296 (6.8 %)

1.23 (0.55 -2.74 )

1.14 (0.50 -2.59 )

 Lower tertile

32 / 305 (10.5 %)

1.70 (0.81 -3.58 )

1.56 (0.74 -3.26 )

Behavioral

  

Adjusted OR (95 % CI) e

Smoking

 

P = 0.20

P = 0.14

 Never smoked

107 / 1652 (6.5 %)

1

1

 Ex–smoker

10 / 150 (6.7 %)

0.56 (0.27 -1.18 )

0.53 (0.25 -1.11 )

 Current smoker

13 / 176 (7.4 %)

0.61 (0.25 -1.50 )

0.58 (0.24 -1.41 )

Alcohol consumption

 

P = 0.34

P = 0.38

 Never drinks/no drinking in past 12 months

87 / 1499 (5.8 %)

1

1

 Non-problem drinkingg

32 / 389 (8.2 %)

1.06 (0.67 -1.69 )

1.08 (0.67 -1.72 )

 Problem drinkingg

10 / 88 (11.4 %)

1.83 (0.81 -4.14 )

1.80 (0.79 -4.12 )

Eats fruit/veg fewer than five days/week

 

P = 0.57

P = 0.67

 No

76 / 1219 (6.2 %)

1

1

 Yes

54 / 760 (7.1 %)

1.15 (0.70 -1.89 )

1.11 (0.68 -1.83 )

Days of vigorous physical activity/week

 

P = 0.31

P = 0.31

 None

90 / 1155 (7.8 %)

1.29 (0.76 -2.20 )

1.33 (0.78 -2.25 )

 1–4

6 / 216 (2.8 %)

0.64 (0.26 -1.56 )

0.66 (0.27 -1.60 )

 5+

34 / 607 (5.6 %)

1

1

Anthropometric

  

Adjusted OR (95 % CI) f

BMI category (kg/m2)

 

P = 0.12

P = 0.85

 Underweight (<18.5)

13 / 191 (6.8 %)

0.76 (0.33 – 1.72)

0.84 (0.38 -1.87 )

 Normal (18.5– < 25)

65 / 1329 (4.9 %)

1

1

 Overweight (25– < 30)

29 / 299 (9.7 %)

1.60 (0.88 – 2.91)

1.01 (0.53 -1.93 )

 Obese (≥30)

19 / 144 (13.2 %)

2.11 (1.07 – 4.15)

1.25 (0.61 -2.57 )

Waist circumference >94 cm (males)/>80 cm (women)

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 No

67 / 1468 (4.6 %)

1

1

 Yes

62 / 507 (12.2 %)

2.58 (1.49 -4.46 )

2.72 (1.58 -4.67 )

  1. aSystolic BP ≥160 and/or diastolic BP ≥100 in third measurement at a single visit. Excludes those on treatment for hypertension (9 in Tanzania and 21 in Uganda); bactual number of respondents and proportion with hypertension, without sampling weights applied; cstandard errors adjusted for clustering in survey design; dsociodemographic factors adjusted for age, sex, stratum (a priori) and independent sociodemographic predictors of stage II hypertension: education (variables in bold). ebehavioral factors adjusted for age, sex and stratum (a priori) and education; f anthropometric factors adjusted for age, sex, stratum, education and independent behavioral and anthropometric predictors of stage II hypertension: waist circumference category; gbased on AUDIT screening tool. Non-problem drinking defined as AUDIT score <8; problem drinking as AUDIT score ≥8. AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; USD, US dollars
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