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Table 2 Meta-analysed effects of dichotomous frailty indicators (physical and multidimensional frailty models) on the incidence of dependence and mortality, controlling sequentially for health conditions and disability

From: Frailty and the prediction of dependence and mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a 10/66 population-based cohort study

 

Model 1 (age, sex and education)

Model 2 (model 1 + health conditions)a

Model 3 (model 2 + disability)b

Physical frailty phenotype

   

Dependence (IRR)c

Fd = 1.77 (1.53–2.04)

F = 1.43 (1.24–1.64)

F = 1.28 (1.10–1.48)

Heterogeneity

Cochrane’s Q 14.1, 8 df, P = 0.08

Cochrane’s Q 13.9, 8 df, P = 0.09

Cochrane’s Q 10.0, 8 df, P = 0.27

Higgins I2 = 43 (0–74)

Higgins I2 = 42 (0–73)

Higgins I2 = 20 (0–61)

Mortality (HR)e

F = 1.89 (1.72–2.08)

F = 1.51 (1.36–1.68)

F = 1.18 (1.06–1.33)

Rf = 1.97 (1.68–2.31)

Heterogeneity

Cochrane’s Q 20.1, 9 df, P = 0.02

Cochrane’s Q 15.0, 9 df, P = 0.09

Cochrane’s Q 10.8, 9 df, P = 0.29

Higgins I2 = 55 (9–78)

Higgins I2 = 40 (0–71)

Higgins I2 = 16 (0–58)

Multidimensional phenotype

   

Dependence (IRR)

F = 2.15 (1.88–2.46)

F = 1.46 (1.27–1.68)

F = 1.36 (1.18–1.57)

Heterogeneity

Cochrane’s Q 2.9, 8 df, P = 0.95

Cochrane’s Q 6.1, 8 df, P = 0.64

Cochrane’s Q 3.5, 8 df, P = 0.90

Higgins I2 = 0 (0–65)

Higgins I2 = 0 (0–65)

Higgins I2 = 0 (0–65)

Mortality (HR)

F = 1.96 (1.78–2.15)

F = 1.54 (1.39–1.71)

F = 1.38 (1.24–1.54)

R = 1.94 (1.66–2.28)

R = 1.53 (1.29–1.81)

R = 1.36 (1.14–1.62)

Heterogeneity

Cochrane’s Q 21.1, 9 df, P = 0.01

Cochrane’s Q 19.7, 9 df, P = 0.02

Cochrane’s Q 19.8, 9 df, P = 0.02

Higgins I2 = 57 (14–79)

Higgins I2 = 54 (7–78)

Higgins I2 = 55 (8–78)

  1. a10/66 or DSM-IV dementia diagnosis, ICD-10 depression, number of physical impairments and stroke; bWHO Disability Assessment Scale 2.0; cIRR, Incidence rate ratio; dF, Pooled fixed effect; eHR, Hazard ratio; fR, Pooled random effect (estimated only in the presence of statistically significant heterogeneity)