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Table 4 Population attributable fractions (PAF % with 95 % confidence intervals) for the independent contribution of frailty to the incidence of mortality, when operationalised as dichotomous categories, ordinal scales or individual indicators

From: Frailty and the prediction of dependence and mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a 10/66 population-based cohort study

 

Physical frailty criteria

Multidimensional criteria

Individual indicators from both frailty paradigms

 

Dichotomous

Ordinal scale

Individual indicators

Dichotomous

Ordinal scale

Individual indicators

Cuba

8.8 (6.5–11.0)

16.5 (12.0–20.8)

13.6 (8.1–18.7)

20.1 (15.5–24.4)

30.2 (24.3–35.6)

30.4 (24.0–36.2)

29.8 (22.8–36.1)

Dominican Republic

5.4 (2.3–7.7)

17.8 (12.4–22.8)

20.5 (14.9–25.7)

13.1 (8.6–17.5)

21.8 (14.4–28.6)

30.0 (23.4–36.0)

33.5 (27.2–39.3)

Peru (urban)

13.6 (4.9–21.6)

26.0 (11.9–37.9)

40.0 (22.2–53.8)

42.2 (22.5–56.9)

49.8 (28.7–64.6)

56.2 (38.9–68.6)

56.7 (39.5–69.0)

Peru (rural)

0.8 (0.0–10.1)

0.6 (0.0–19.7)

13.6 (0.0–30.1)

27.5 (5.5–44.4)

29.2 (0.0–52.7)

34.5 (7.1–53.9)

34.9 (3.8–55.9)

Venezuela

17.5 (11.2–23.4)

32.5 (23.0–40.8)

38.1 (24.5–49.3)

21.9 (12.4–30.4)

41.8 (29.3–52.1)

51.6 (37.8–62.3)

55.0 (41.3–65.6)

Mexico (urban)

12.8 (2.9–21.7)

20.3 (0.0–36.8)

8.9 (0.2–16.8)

15.7 (0.7–28.4)

29.2 (4.1–47.7)

22.3 (0.0–44.9)

24.1 (1.8–41.4)

Mexico (rural)

18.9 (9.4–27.4)

40.3 (25.8–52.0)

46.5 (32.3–57.8)

10.9 (0.0–23.6)

16.4 (0.0–33.9)

36.3 (17.3–50.9)

49.0 (35.1–59.9)

China (urban)

14.5 (10.4–18.4)

30.7 (24.6–36.2)

31.7 (25.1–37.8)

5.3 (0.0–12.2)

17.1 (6.8–26.2)

26.4 (16.3–35.3)

36.1 (26.1–44.8)

China (rural)

3.4 (1.7–5.1)

5.9 (0.5–11.0)

25.7 (14.5–35.3)

No association

4.3 (0.0–10.5)

7.7 (1.4–13.6)

33.8 (18.9–46.0)

India (urban)

5.4 (0.1–10.4)

6.6 (0.0–17.1)

13.8 (4.9–21.9)

19.7 (11.7–27.0)

30.0 (18.0–40.3)

25.1 (9.6–37.9)

25.3 (10.4–37.7)

Weighted mean

10.5

20.9

25.1

19.6

28.3

33.4

38.3