Table 5 Meta-analysed pooled effect sizes for the independent associations between individual frailty indicators and incident dependence and mortality

Exhaustion

F^d = 1.03 (0.90–1.17)

Cochrane’s Q 8.6, 8 df, P = 0.37

F = 1.00 (0.90–1.12)

Cochrane’s Q 10.4, 9 df, P = 0.32

Higgins I² = 7 (0–67)

Higgins I² 13 (0–55)

Weight loss

F = 1.31 (1.06–1.61)

Cochrane’s Q 8.4, 6 df, P = 0.21

F = 1.40 (1.19–1.64)

Cochrane’s Q 17.7, 9 df, P = 0.04

Higgins I² = 28 (0–69)

R⁵ = 1.45 (1.13–1.87)

Higgins I² 49 (0–75)

Underactivity

F = 1.35 (1.10–1.67)

Cochrane’s Q 11.8, 8 df, P = 0.16

F = 1.53 (1.32–1.88)

Cochrane’s Q 12.8, 9 df, P = 0.17

Higgins I² = 32 (0–69)

Higgins I² 30 (0–66)

Slow walking speed

F = 1.28 (1.12–1.47)

Cochrane’s Q 17.0, 8 df, P = 0.03

F = 1.36 (1.21–1.51)

Cochrane’s Q 14.7, 9 df, P = 0.10

R = 1.30 (1.05–1.61)

Higgins I² = 53 (0–78)

Higgins I² 39 (0–71)

Sensory impairment

F = 1.14 (1.01–1.29)

Cochrane’s Q 7.2, 8 df, P = 0.52

F = 1.03 (0.93–1.14)

Cochrane’s Q 6.9, 9 df, P = 0.65

Higgins I² = 0 (0–65)

Higgins I² 0 (0–62)

Cognitive impairment

F = 1.53 (1.30–1.79)

Cochrane’s Q 16.9, 8 df, P = 0.03

F = 1.38 (1.23–1.54)

Cochrane’s Q 15.1, 9 df, P = 0.09

R = 1.48 (1.16–1.90)

Higgins I² = 53 (0–78)

Higgins I² 40 (0–71)

Undernutrition (arm circumference <22 cm)

F = 1.11 (0.89–1.38)

Cochrane’s Q 10.4, 6 df, P = 0.11

F = 1.72 (1.47–2.01)

Cochrane’s Q 9.2, 9 df, P = 0.41

Higgins I² = 42 (0–76)

3 (0–63)