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Table 5 Effect of diabetes (DM) on rate of tuberculosis, modification by consultation rate, consultation number, age, time since diagnosis of diabetes and ethnicity

From: Risk of tuberculosis in patients with diabetes: population based cohort study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink

Strata

Exposure status

TB cases/PYa

Unadjusted rate

Unadjusted rate ratio

Adjusted rate ratiob

P-value for interactionc

(95 % CI)

(95 % CI)

(95 % CI)

Consultation rated

      

1st tertile

DM

5/0.93

5.35 (2.23–12.86)

0.91 (0.37–2.22)

1.80 (0.64–5.01)

 
 

Non-DM

141/23.94

5.89 (4.99–6.95)

1.0

1.0

 

2nd tertile

DM

39/4.61

8.46 (6.18–11.59)

0.65 (0.46–0.91)

1.01 (0.63–1.62)

0.535

 

Non-DM

273/20.92

13.05 (11.59–14.69)

1.0

1.0

 

3rd tertile

DM

146/6.19

23.60 (20.01–27.76)

0.83 (0.68–1.00)

0.94 (0.69–1.27)

 
 

Non-DM

265/12.81

28.50 (25.72–31.57)

1.0

1.0

 

Consultation numbere

      

1st tertile

DM

48/0.35

138.41 (104.31–183.67)

5.14 (3.78–7.00)

2.99 (1.68–5.31)

 
 

Non-DM

254/9.43

26.93 (23.82–30.46)

1.0

1.0

 

2nd tertile

DM

70/1.97

35.61 (28.17–45.01)

2.42 (1.86–3.14)

2.88 (1.96–4.24)

0.003

 

Non-DM

285/19.37

14.71 (13.10–16.53)

1.0

1.0

 

3rd tertile

DM

72/9.42

7.65 (6.07–9.63)

0.92 (0.71–1.20)

1.26 (0.87–1.83)

 
 

Non-DM

240/28.87

8.31 (7.32–9.43)

1.0

1.0

 

Age in years

      

0- < 45

DM

10/1.10

9.07 (4.88–16.86)

1.23 (0.61–2.45)

0.97 (0.32–2.93)

 
 

Non-DM

41/5.54

7.40 (5.45–10.04)

1.0

1.0

 

45- < 70

DM

103/6.11

16.85 (13.89–20.45)

1.71 (1.37–2.14)

1.62 (1.14–2.31)

0.228

 

Non-DM

295/29.93

9.86 (8.79–11.05)

1.0

1.0

 

70+

DM

77/4.51

17.0 (13.64–21.32)

0.85 (0.67–1.09)

1.08 (0.76–1.55)

 
 

Non-DM

443/22.20

19.95 (18.18–21.90)

1.0

1.0

 

Time since index date

      

0- < 1 years

DM

56/2.07

27.07 (20.83–35.17)

1.83 (1.35–2.48)

1.48 (0.86–2.56)

 
 

Non-DM

165/11.16

14.78 (12.69–17.22)

1.0

1.0

 

1- < 5 years

DM

80/5.72

13.99 (11.24–17.41)

0.99 (0.78–1.26)

1.24 (0.88–1.74)

0.375

 

Non-DM

407/28.81

14.13 (12.82–15.57)

1.0

1.0

 

5- < 10 years

DM

41/3.08

13.32 (9.80–18.08)

1.05 (0.75–1.48)

1.13 (0.68–1.87)

 
 

Non-DM

177/14.01

12.64 (10.91–14.64)

1.0

1.0

 

10+ years

DM

13/0.86

15.11 (8.77–26.02)

1.86 (0.97–3.57)

2.66 (1.12–6.35)

 
 

Non-DM

30/3.70

8.11 (5.67–11.61)

1.0

1.0

 

Ethnicity

      

White

DM

74/6.74

10.98 (8.74–13.79)

0.88 (0.69–1.13)

1.27 (0.95–1.69)

 
 

Non-DM

380/30.57

12.43 (11.24–13.75)

1.0

1.0

 

South Asian

DM

38/0.27

139.40 (101.43–191.58)

1.39 (0.91–2.12)

1.34 (0.79–2.28)

0.894

 

Non-DM

49/0.49

100.58 (76.02–133.08)

1.0

1.0

 

Black, Mixed or Other

DM

5/0.20

24.41 (10.16–58.65)

0.57 (0.22–1.49)

1.65 (0.55–4.93)

 
 

Non-DM

26/0.61

42.74 (29.10–62.77)

1.0

1.0

 
  1. aPY: 100,000 person years at risk
  2. bModel adjusted for: age, ethnicity, BMI, alcohol status, smoking and IMD
  3. cP-value from likelihood ratio test
  4. dConsultation rate defined as number of face to face consultations per year of follow-up; tertiles in order of increasing consultation rate
  5. eConsultation number defined as total number of face to face consultations during patient follow-up; tertiles in order of increasing number of consultations
  6. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, IMD index of multiple deprivation, TB tuberculosis
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