| Crude models | Multivariable model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk factor variables | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | P-value | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | P-value |
Sex (reference: males) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Female | 1.73 | 1.43,2.10 | P<0.0001 | 1.27 | 0.99,1.62 | 0.057 |
Age group (reference: 50–59 years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 60–69 | 1.39 | 1.10,1.76 | 0.006 | 1.10 | 0.87,1.38 | 0.430 |
 70–79 | 1.76 | 1.37,2.26 | P<0.0001 | 1.23 | 0.98,1.54 | 0.079 |
 80+ | 1.76 | 1.24,2.52 | 0.002 | 1.14 | 0.76,1.71 | 0.520 |
Residence (reference: urban) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Rural | 1.64 | 1.32,2.03 | P<0.0001 | 1.36 | 1.06,1.75 | 0.017 |
Symptom-based depression (reference: no) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 3.62 | 2.87,4.56 | P<0.0001 | 1.43 | 1.01,2.02 | 0.041 |
Chronic conditions (reference: none) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 One | 2.03 | 1.71,2.41 | P<0.0001 | 1.62 | 1.35,1.95 | P<0.0001 |
 Two or more | 3.56 | 2.74,4.62 | P<0.0001 | 2.15 | 1.45,3.19 | P<0.0001 |
Cataracts (reference: no) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 1.93 | 1.55,2.40 | P<0.0001 | 1.20 | 0.93,1.55 | 0.155 |
Sleep (reference: no problems sleeping) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Severe or extreme problems sleeping | 3.16 | 2.53,4.0 | P<0.0001 | 1.54 | 1.15,2.08 | 0.004 |
Grip strength (average one unit change) | 0.64 | 0.56,0.73 | P<0.0001 | 0.87 | 0.75,1.00 | 0.056 |
Cognition (average one unit change) | 0.78 | 0.73,0.89 | P<0.0001 | 0.85 | 0.75,0.96 | 0.012 |
Water (reference: inside the home) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Outside the home | 2.05 | 1.69,2.49 | P<0.0001 | 1.23 | 0.93,1.63 | 0.155 |
Flooring (reference: hard floor) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Earth floor | 2.09 | 1.67,2.61 | P<0.0001 | 1.09 | 0.82,1.45 | 0.566 |
Country (reference: China) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Ghana | 0.83 | 0.64,1.07 | 0.146 | 0.54 | 0.39,0.74 | P<0.0001 |
 India | 2.23 | 1.84,2.70 | P<0.0001 | 1.01 | 0.78,1.30 | 0.962 |
 Mexico | 0.90 | 0.59,1.39 | 0.642 | 0.66 | 0.37,1.18 | 0.159 |
 Russian Federation | 0.81 | 0.54,1.20 | 0.293 | 0.70 | 0.44,1.12 | 0.139 |
 South Africa | 0.28 | 0.13,0.60 | 0.001 | 0.28 | 0.12,0.65 | 0.003 |