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Table 4 Multilevel logit model estimates for the effects of disease count on the four health outcome measures, WHO SAGE Wave 1 (2007/10)

From: The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low- and middle-income countries: what does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal?

Number of chronic diseases

1+ ADL

Depression

Poor self-rated health

Mean WHOQoL score

Unadjusted OR (95 % CI)

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

Unadjusted OR (95 % CI)

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

Unadjusted OR (95 % CI)

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

Unadjusted beta (95 % CI)

Adjusted beta (95 % CI)

No diseaseR

        

1 disease

2.07***

1.51***

1.77***

1.62***

1.90***

1.50***

−4.26***

−1.28***

(1.93–2.22)

(1.38–1.65)

(1.57–2.01)

(1.42–1.84)

(1.74–2.08)

(1.35–1.65)

(−4.58 to –3.94)

(−1.59 to –0.98)

2 diseases

4.08***

2.47***

2.80***

2.44***

3.38***

2.25***

−7.38***

−3.11***

(3.78–4.39)

(2.26–2.72)

(2.48–3.18)

(2.14–2.82)

(3.09–3.69)

(2.03–2.5)

(−7.73 to –7.03)

(−3.46 to –2.77)

3 diseases

7.28***

3.81***

4.74***

4.05***

6.33***

4.03***

−10.74***

−5.79***

(6.66–7.92)

(3.42–4.26)

(4.12–5.46)

(3.47–4.75)

(5.71–6.98)

(3.59–4.5)

(−11.19 to –10.28)

(−6.23 to –5.35)

4+ diseases

15.18***

7.21***

8.75***

7.33***

12.3***

7.38***

−14.6***

−8.93***

(13.58–16.83)

(6.33–8.17)

(7.53–10.12)

(6.24–8.61)

(10.99–13.71)

(6.43–8.38)

(−15.16 to –14.03)

(−9.48 to –8.38)

Random part

        

Country

0.69

1.24

0.73

0.73

0.16

0.30

7.41

5.99

(0.17–2.36)

(0.3–4.24)

(0.16–2.52)

(0.16–2.52)

(0.03–0.55)

(0.07–0.97)

(−1.93–16.76)

(−1.24–13.22)

Province/state

0.24

0.30

0.43

0.43

0.17

0.21

8.57

3.99

(0.16–0.35)

(0.21–0.44)

(0.28–0.64)

(0.28–0.64)

(0.11–0.24)

(0.14–0.3)

(5.68–11.46)

(2.49–5.49)

Individual

na

na

na

na

na

na

163.83 (161.6–166.0)

120.68 (118.9–122.4)

  1. * P <0.1, ** P <0.05, *** P <0.01. Adjusted ORs/beta coefficients are controlled for the effects of background characteristics and health risk factors. na, not applicable. Estimates are obtained through MCMC algorithm available in MLWin