Table 3 Characteristics of prospective studies included in the meta-analysis of coffee consumption and atrial fibrillation

Wilhelmsen, 2001 [20]; Multifactor Primary Prevention Study

Sweden

7,374 men, 47–55 years of age

27

ECG, hospital records and register (ICD-9 code 427D)

754

0

1.00

Age

1–4

1.24 (1.00–1.54)

≥5

1.09 (0.87–1.38)

Mukamal, 2009 [21]; Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program

Sweden

1,369 men and women, 45–70 years of age and who had survived a MI

9.9

Register (ICD-9 code 427D and ICD-10 code I48)

163

0 to <1

1.00

Age, sex, education, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and intake of alcohol, tea and boiled coffee

1 to <3

0.71 (0.42–1.20)

3 to <5

0.61 (0.35–1.04)

5 to <7

0.61 (0.34–1.10)

≥7

0.67 (0.33–1.34)

Conen, 2010 [22]; Women’s Health Study

USA

33,638 women ≥45 years of age and free from AF and CVD

14.4

Self-reported and confirmed by medical record review

936

0

1.00

Age, race/ethnicity, treatment group, systolic blood pressure, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, diabetes, BMI, exercise, parental history of myocardial infarction, and intake of alcohol and fish

<1

1.03 (0.87–1.21)

1

0.93 (0.71–1.21)

2–3

1.36 (1.12–1.65)

≥4

1.03 (0.79–1.35)

Klatsky, 2011 [23]; California Comprehensive Health Care Plan

USA

130,054 men and women; age NA

17.6

Register (ICD-9 code 427.31)

1,512

0

1.00

Age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, education, cigarette smoking, a cardiorespiratory composite covariate, and alcohol intake

<1

0.82 (0.67–1.00)

1–3

0.88 (0.76–1.01)

≥4

0.81 (0.69–0.96)

Larsson, 2015; Cohort of Swedish Men (current study)

Sweden

41,881 men, 45–79 years of age and free from AF

12

Register (ICD-10 code I48)

4,311

<2

1.00

Age, education, smoking, histories of cardiac disease, hypertension and diabetes, BMI, walking/bicycling, family history of MI, and intake of alcohol and tea

2 to <3

0.99 (0.90–1.09)

3 to <4

0.99 (0.89–1.09)

4 to <5

0.97 (0.87–1.07)

≥5

1.08 (0.98–1.20)

Larsson, 2015; Swedish Mammography Cohort (current study)

Sweden

34,594 women, 49–83 years of age and free from AF

12

Register (ICD-10 code I48)

2,730

<2

1.00

Age, education, smoking, histories of cardiac disease, hypertension and diabetes, BMI, walking/bicycling, family history of MI, and intake of alcohol and tea

2 to <3

0.95 (0.85–1.07)

3 to <4

0.98 (0.87–1.10)

4 to <5

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

≥5

0.88 (0.76–1.02)