Table 3 Mean (SD) values of baseline and post-test measurement differences in effects on primary outcomes physical fitness and fatigue between groups ^a

 PeakVO₂ (mL/kg/min)

21.9 (6.5)

26.3 (7.6)

22.3 (5.9)

25.6 (6.5)

21.5 (5.5)

23.8 (5.9)

2.2 (1.2 to 3.1) ^h

1.3 (0.3 to 2.3) ^h

0.9 (−0.1 to 1.9) ⁱ

 Peak power output (W)

136 (46)

163 (53)

134 (43)

154 (45)

135 (42)

150 (43)

12.6 (7.7 to 17.5) ^h

5.0 (0.01 to 9.9) ^h

7.6 (2.5 to 12.7) ^h

 Ventilatory threshold (mL/kg/min)

15.6 (4.1)

18.8 (4.7)

16.2 (4.8)

18.8 (5.2)

15.5 (4.8)

17.3 (5.6)

1.5 (0.4 to 2.5) ^h

1.1 (0.1 to 2.2) ^h

0.4 (−0.7 to 1.4)

 Sit to stand (stands) ^c

17 (4.4)

19 (4.9)

16 (3.6)

19 (4.8)

16 (3.6)

18 (3.9)

0.2 (−0.8 to 1.1)

0.6 (−0.3 to 1.5)

−0.5 (−1.4 to 0.4)

 Grip strength (kg) ^d

32.5 (9.7)

34.4 (10.5)

32.9 (9.8)

34.9 (9.8)

33.5 (9.5)

35.5 (10.6)

−0.3 (−1.3 to 0.7)

0.3 (−0.7 to 1.3)

−0.6 (−1.6 to 0.5)

 General fatigue ^f

12.8 (3.8)

10.0 (3.3)

12.6 (4.1)

10.1 (3.4)

12.7 (4.2)

11.3 (4.1)

−1.3 (−2.2 to −0.4) ^h

−1.1 (−2.0 to −0.2) ^h

−0.2 (−1.1 to 0.7)

 Physical fatigue ^f

12.8 (3.9)

9,0 (3.2)

12.3 (3.9)

9.4 (3.6)

13.2 (4.0)

11.2 (3.9)

−2.0 (−2.9 to −1.1) ^h

−1.4 (−2.3 to −0.5) ^h

−0.6 (−1.6 to 0.3)

 Reduced activity ^g

12.2 (3.8)

9.6 (3.2)

11.5 (3.6)

9.1 (3.5)

11.8 (3.6)

10.5 (3.6)

−1.1 (−1.9 to −0.2) ^h

−1.2 (−2.1 to −0.3) ^h

0.1 (−0.8 to 1.0)

 Reduced motivation ^g

9.4 (3.2)

7.9 (2.6)

9.0 (3.0)

8.5 (3.1)

8.6 (3.1)

8.7 (3.2)

−1.2 (−1.9 to −0.4) ^h

−0.4 (−1.1 to 0.4)

−0.8 (−1.5 to −0.03) ^h

 Mental fatigue ^f

11.1 (4.2)

9.8 (3.7)

10.9 (4.0)

9.9 (3.6)

10.7 (4.1)

10.5 (4.1)

−0.9 (−1.7 to −0.2) ^h

−0.7 (−1.5 to 0.1) ⁱ

−0.2 (−1.1 to 0.6)