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Table 1 Pathogenic processes underlying Parkinson’s disease and presumed related genetic loci, genes, and proteins

From: Can the disease course in Parkinson’s disease be slowed?

 

Disease

Gene locus

Gene

Encoded protein

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress

PARK7

PARK6

1p36

1p36

DJ-1

PINK1

DJ-1

PTEN-induced kinase 1

Neuroinflammation and immune mechanisms

PARK2

PARK1/4

2p13

6q26

4q22.1

PARK3

PARK2

SNCA

Parkin

α-synuclein

Altered protein handling (including the ubiquitin-proteasome system)

PARK5

PARK17

2p13

4q14

16q11.2

PARK2

UCHL1

VPS35

Parkin

Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1

Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35

Lysosomal dysfunction

Gaucher’s related

PARK9

1q22

GBA

ATP13A2

Glucocerebrosidase

ATPase 13A2

α-synuclein aggregation

PARK8

PARK1/4

12q12

4q22.1

LRRK2

SNCA

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 α-synuclein