From: Can the disease course in Parkinson’s disease be slowed?
Disease | Gene locus | Gene | Encoded protein | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress | PARK7 PARK6 | 1p36 1p36 | DJ-1 PINK1 | DJ-1 PTEN-induced kinase 1 |
Neuroinflammation and immune mechanisms | PARK2 PARK1/4 | 2p13 6q26 4q22.1 | PARK3 PARK2 SNCA | Parkin α-synuclein |
Altered protein handling (including the ubiquitin-proteasome system) | PARK5 PARK17 | 2p13 4q14 16q11.2 | PARK2 UCHL1 VPS35 | Parkin Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 |
Lysosomal dysfunction | Gaucher’s related PARK9 | 1q22 | GBA ATP13A2 | Glucocerebrosidase ATPase 13A2 |
α-synuclein aggregation | PARK8 PARK1/4 | 12q12 4q22.1 | LRRK2 SNCA | Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 α-synuclein |