Characteristic | Unit | Weighted mean or proportion (%) (95 % CI) | Pooled odds ratio (95 % CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Increased HbA1c | Low HbA1c | |||
(6.0 to <6.5 %) | (5.0 to <5.5 %) | |||
(42 to <48 mmol/mol) | (31 to <37 mmol/mol) (reference group) | |||
Age | Years | 64.5 (64.2–64.7) | 62.2 (62.1–62.4) | 1.41 (1.32; 1.49) per 10 years |
Male sex | % | 47.0 (45.2–48.7) | 45.0 (44.1–46.0) | 0.99 (0.88; 1.11) |
Race/ethnicityb | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | % | 44.0 | 70.0 | Ref |
Non-Hispanic black | % | 33.8 | 11.8 | 5.92 (4.56; 7.68) |
Mexican-American | % | 17.8 | 15.1 | 2.11 (1.62; 2.77) |
Other | % | 4.4 | 3.0 | 2.69 (1.69; 4.28) |
School education | ||||
≤9 years | % | 55.6 (53.7–57.5) | 45.9 (44.9–46.9) | Ref |
10–12 years | % | 32.7 (30.9–34.4) | 39.1 (38.1–40.0) | 0.97 (0.90; 1.04) |
≥13 years | % | 14.6 (13.3–16.0) | 19.0 (18.3–19.8) | 0.99 (0.90; 1.08) |
BMI category | ||||
Underweight or low weight | % | 3.2 (2.5–3.9) | 3.9 (3.5–4.3) | 0.81 (0.66; 0.99) |
Optimal weight | % | 20.3 (18.9–21.8) | 34.6 (33.7–35.5) | Ref |
Overweight | % | 45.3 (43.5–47.0) | 43.6 (42.7–44.6) | 1.02 (0.92; 1.14) |
Obese | % | 32.4 (30.8–34.1) | 19.2 (18.5–20.0) | 1.61 (1.43; 1.81) |
Smoking | ||||
Never | % | 44.5 (42.7–46.3) | 45.8 (44.8–46.7) | Ref |
Former | % | 31.9 (30.2–33.5) | 34.8 (33.9–35.7) | 1.03 (0.92; 1.16) |
Current | % | 24.1 (22.6–25.7) | 20.0 (19.5–21.1) | 1.73 (1.53; 1.96) |
Relative alcohol consumption | ||||
Abstainer or low | % | 62.9 (61.1–64.7) | 50.9 (49.9–51.9) | Ref |
Moderate | % | 30.5 (28.8–32.2) | 37.4 (36.4–38.3) | 1.05 (0.96; 1.13) |
High | % | 6.9 (6.0–7.9) | 12.0 (11.4–12.7) | 0.74 (0.66; 0.83) |
Vigorous physical activity | % | 36.0 (34.3–37.7) | 42.3 (41.4–43.3) | 0.93 (0.85; 1.02) |
Total cholesterol | mmol/L | 6.08 (6.03–6.12) | 6.03 (6.01–6.05) | 1.18 (1.14; 1.22) per 1 mmol/L |
HDL cholesterol | mmol/L | 1.36 (1.34–1.37) | 1.52 (1.51–1.53) | 0.62 (0.54; 0.71) per 1 mmol/L |
Subclinical inflammation | % | 44.7 (42.9–46.4) | 28.1 (27.2–29.0) | 1.47 (1.34; 1.61) |
Serum creatinine | nmol/L | 85.4 (84.5–86.3) | 76.4 (76.0–76.8) | 1.04 (1.00; 1.08) a per 10 nmol/L |
Albuminuria | % | 21.2 (19.6–23.0) | 13.3 (12.5–14.1) | 1.27 (1.11; 1.45) |
Hemoglobin | g/dL | 13.98 (13.92–14.04) | 14.16 (14.14–14.19) | 0.86 (0.77; 0.96) a per 1 g/dL |
Biomarkers of iron deficiencyb | ||||
Ferritin | μg/L | 165 (170) | 152 (148) | 0.97 (0.91; 1.03) per 100 μg/L |
Transferrin saturation | % | 23.8 (10.1) | 26.0 (10.6) | 0.85 (0.77; 0.95) per 10 % |
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin | μmol/L | 0.94 (0.44) | 0.93 (0.42) | 1.02 (0.91; 1.15) per 0.5 μmol/L |
Hypertension | ||||
No hypertension | % | 34.7 (33.1–36.4) | 47.0 (46.1–48.0) | Ref |
Known hypertension or systolic blood pressure ≥140 to <160 mmHg | % | 49.5 (47.8–51.3) | 40.2 (39.3–41.1) | 1.08 (1.01; 1.15) |
Systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg | % | 17.1 (15.8–18.5) | 14.0 (13.4–14.7) | 1.10 (1.01; 1.20) |
History of MI or stroke | % | 11.8 (10.7–13.0) | 7.1 (6.6–7.6) | 1.32 (1.03; 1.70) a |
Biomarkers of liver functionb | ||||
GGT | U/L | 33.5 (36.0) | 29.9 (40.3) | 1.02 (0.99; 1.05) per 10 U/L |
AST | U/L | 21.5 (13.1) | 22.0 (11.9) | 0.81 (0.70; 0.94) per 10 U/L |
ALT | U/L | 15.0 (11.2) | 14.6 (11.3) | 1.25 (1.08; 1.45) per 10 U/L |