Measures to assess commonly experienced symptoms for people with dementia in long-term care settings: a systematic review

Ellis-Smith, Clare; Evans, Catherine J.; Bone, Anna E.; Henson, Lesley A.; Dzingina, Mendwas; Kane, Pauline M.; Higginson, Irene J.; Daveson, Barbara A.

doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0582-x

Table 2 Summary of measure details, methods of administration, and feasibility and applicability in care

From: Measures to assess commonly experienced symptoms for people with dementia in long-term care settings: a systematic review

	Measures	Number of items (range)	Scoring (ranges)	Methods of administration	Rating period	Time to compete (range)	Training required
Pain	APS	5–60	0–5 to 0–60	Observation over specified time period	1 minute specified observation time, observation during specified activities, observations during all personal care provision	30 seconds to 5–10 minutes	Most measures do not require any formal training Two have been specifically developed for non-clinically trained care staff
	CNPI			Observation during specified activity
	CPAT			Observation during routine care			Training for raters in the studies ranged from 5 minute training video to 2 hours, or continued training throughout data collection period
	Doloplus-2			From memory based on knowledge of resident
	MPS
	NOPPAIN			Ratings of video recordings of activities or pain events
	PAINAD			Signs of pain including facial, behavioral, vocal, functional
	PACSLAC(-II)
	PACI
	PADE
	PBOICIE
Oral health	BOHSE	8–10	0–16 to 0–20	Observation and examination	Examination period	6–8 minutes	3–4 hours of training, with calibration
Oral health	OHAT	8–10	0–16 to 0–20	Observation and examination	Examination period	6–8 minutes	3–4 hours of training, with calibration
Neuropsychiatric	NPI-Q	12–81	0–36	Observation and knowledge of person	Last 4 weeks	5 minutes	None
Neuropsychiatric	CDBQ	12–81	0–248	Observation and knowledge of person	Last 4 weeks	5 minutes	None
Depression	BDI-modified	7–21	0–15 to 0–80	Observation, all available information sources, knowledge of person	Last week to last 4 weeks	No information	No training, 30 minutes training or provision of instructions and instruction manual
	CESD-modified						MDS coordinator usually registered nurse
	CSDD-modified/CSDD-M-LTCS
	DDMS
	DSS
	CS-GDS
	Hayes and Lohse Non-verbal Depression Scale
	MDSDRS
Anxiety	GAI-modified	8–20	0–20 to 8–40	Modified to be self–administered by informal caregiver, based on knowledge of person	Last week	No information	None
Anxiety	PSWQ-A-modified	8–20	0–20 to 8–40		Last week	No information	None
Psychological wellbeing	PGCARS	5–11	0–90	Observation	5 minutes to last 24 hours	5–10 minutes	Group and one-to-one teaching sessions with supervised practice
	PWB-CIP
	AARS
	AER
	AER			Ratings of video recordings			Training for raters in the studies ranged from none to 2 days
Discomfort	DBS	9–17	0–17 to 0–102	Rated based on information from informants, observations and resident interactions	Past week	No information	MDS coordinator, usually registered nurse
	DS-DAT				Past week		MDS coordinator, usually registered nurse
				Observation over specified period and activity program	5 minute observation or specified activity program		DS-DAT requires training and may have limited clinical applicability as complex to learn
				Observation over specified period and activity program	5 minute observation or specified activity program		Training for raters included continued training throughout data collection period

APS, Abbey Pain Scale; CNPI, Checklist of Nonverbal Behaviors; CPAT, CNA Pain Assessment Tool; MPS, Mahoney Pain Assessment Tool; NOPPAIN, Non-communicative Patient’s Pain Assessment Instrument; PAINAD, Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia; PACSLAC, Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate; PACI, Pain Assessment in Communicatively Impaired; PADE, Pain Assessment for Dementing Elderly; PBOICIE, Pain Behaviors for Osteoarthritis Instrument for Cognitively Impaired Elders; BOHSE, Brief Oral Health Status Examination; OHAT, Oral Health Assessment Tool; NPI-Q, Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire; CDBQ, California Dementia Behavior Questionnaire; BDI-modified, Beck Depression Inventory – modified; CESD-Modified, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale – modified; CSDD-modified, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia - modified; CSDD-M-LTCS, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia Modified for use by Long Term Care Staff; DDMS-modified, Depression in Dementia Mood Scale – modified; DSS-modified, Depression Signs Scale – modified; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MDSDRS, Minimum Data Set Depression Rating Scale; GAI-modified, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory – modified; PSWQ-A-modified, Penn State Worry Questionnaire – Abbreviated – modified; PGCARS, Philadelphia Geriatric Center Affect Rating Scale; PWB-CIP, Psychological Wellbeing in Cognitively Impaired Persons; AARS, Apparent Affect Rating Scale; AER, Apparent Emotion Rating Instrument; DBS, Discomfort Behavior Scale; DS-DAT, Discomfort Scale for patients with Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type; MDS, Minimum Data Set

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ISSN: 1741-7015

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