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Fig. 2 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 2

From: Moody microbes or fecal phrenology: what do we know about the microbiota-gut-brain axis?

Fig. 2

Hardwired connections between gut microbes and the brain: Gut microbes can modulate activity of spinal and vagal sensory neurons. Vagal sensory neuron may assume both primary afferent and interneuron functions via activation of enteric nervous system to vagal fiber nicotinic sensory synapse. Distinct bacterial species have been demonstrated to modulate neural activity through inhibition of the TRPV1 and KCa3.1 ion channels on spinal and intrinsic primary afferents respectively

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