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Table 4 Associations of smoking status and time since smoking cessation with sex-specific cancer incidence and mortalitya,b

From: Quantification of the smoking-associated cancer risk with rate advancement periods: meta-analysis of individual participant data from cohorts of the CHANCES consortium

Cancer site

Smoking exposure

Cancer incidence

Cancer mortality

Totalc

Cases

HR (95 % CI)

RAP (95 % CI)

Totalc

Cases

HR (95 % CI)

RAP (95 % CI)

Breast cancer

Smoking status

 Never

174507

7121

1.00 (reference)

0.00 (reference)

191907

1197

1.00 (reference)

0.00 (reference)

 Former

116656

5428

1.08 (1.04 ; 1.12)

2.37 (0.68 ; 4.06)

121725

905

1.15 (1.05 ; 1.27)

2.71 (0.78 ; 4.63)

 Current

59755

2536

1.07 (1.00 ; 1.15)

3.83 (1.76 ; 5.91)

64470

466

1.28 (1.06 ; 1.55)

5.10 (2.47 ; 7.72)

Years since smoking cessation (reference: current smokers)d

 ≤9 years

8348

275

0.97 (0.84 ; 1.13)

-2.49 (-7.49 ; 2.52)

9726

49

0.98 (0.57 ; 1.67)

-1.82 (-8.21; 4.57)

 10–19 years

7044

253

1.03 (0.81 ; 1.31)

-3.87 (-9.84 ; 2.10)

8092

43

1.02 (0.70 ; 1.49)

0.51 (-7.55 ; 8.57)

 ≥20 years

8437

333

1.03 (0.85 ; 1.24)

-3.77 (-10.2 ; 2.66)

9539

61

1.23 (0.69 ; 2.21)

-0.56 (-8.57 ; 1.48)

 

 P linear trend

  

0.7293

   

0.4549

 

Prostate cancer

Smoking status

 Never

147477

11090

1.00 (reference)

0.00 (reference)

154652

920

1.00 (reference)

0.00 (reference)

 Former

236655

17257

0.88 (0.82 ; 0.95) *

-1.67 (-2.80; -0.54) **

247083

1644

1.04 (0.94 ; 1.15)

0.29 (-0.33 ; 0.91)

 Current

68860

3701

0.81 (0.72 ; 0.91) **

-2.89 (-4.81; -0.97) **

76202

589

1.26 (0.97 ; 1.64)**

1.88 (0.25 ; 3.51)

Years since smoking cessation (reference: current smokers)d

 ≤9 years

10701

536

1.00 (0.90 ; 1.12)

0.51 (-0.83 ; 1.84)

12967

98

0.94 (0.64 ; 1.37)

-1.03 (-3.35 ; 1.30)

 10–19 years

11467

702

1.03 (0.89 ; 1.19)

1.09 (-0.17 ; 2.35)

13269

130

0.95 (0.74 ; 1.20)

-0.43 (-2.18 ; 1.32)

 ≥20 years

16214

1227

1.08 (0.99 ; 1.18)

0.75 (-0.38 ; 1.88)

18518

228

0.82 (0.67 ; 1.00)

-1.71 (-3.18; -0.24)

 

 P linear trend

  

0.0480

   

0.0838

 
  1. aNumbers in bold denote statistical significance (P < 0.05). Heterogeneity was regarded as negligible if not significant (P < 0.05) or I2 < 30 %. Otherwise, if significant (P < 0.05), it was classified as * moderate (30 % < I2 < 50 %), ** substantial (50 % < I2 < 75 %), or *** considerable (I2 > 75 %)
  2. bCohort-specific Hazard Ratios (HRs) and Rate Advancement Periods (RAPs) were summarized with meta-analyses using random effects models. HRs and RAPs were adjusted for sex, age, BMI, education, vigorous physical activity, history of diabetes, and alcohol consumption
  3. cThe total number of participants equals to the total number of women (for breast cancer) or men (for prostate cancer). The total number of participants for the analyses with cancer incidence is smaller because the participants with a diagnosis of cancer before baseline were excluded. Furthermore, some cohorts (HAPIEE and SENECA cohorts) had no cancer incidence data available for the analyses
  4. dFor the analyses with the categories of years since smoking cessation, the data from the NIH-AARP and MORGAM FI were not included because they had different categories available
  5. HAPIEE Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe, SENECA Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly a Concerned Action, NIH-AARP National Institute of Health – American Association of Retired Persons, MORGAM Monica Risk, Genetics, Archiving and Monograph, which included the cohort MORGAM FI FINRISK Study (Finland)
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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