Table 3 Risk factors for gametocyte prevalence at enrolment
Africa | Asia | South America | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Nobs/Npos (%) | OR (95 % CI) | P value | Nobs/Npos (%) | OR (95 % CI) | P value | Nobs/Npos (%) | OR (95 % CI) | P value |
Univariable model | |||||||||
Age | |||||||||
< 1 year | 2492/403 (16.2) | 2.506 (1.978–3.174) | <0.001 | 60/12 (20.0) | 2.240 (1.124–4.460) | 0.022 | 0/0 | ||
1–4 years | 20419/2799 (13.7) | 2.558 (2.082–3.144) | <0.001 | 1374/297 (21.6) | 2.095 (1.777–2.469) | <0.001 | 0/0 | ||
5–11 years | 6715/495 (7.4) | 1.523 (1.245–1.864) | <0.001 | 3587/563 (15.7) | 1.535 (1.354–1.740) | <0.001 | 111/19 (17.1) | 0.834 (0.485–1.432) | 0.510 |
12+ years | 4571/179 (3.9) | – | 8438/977 (11.6) | – | 803/139 (17.3) | – | |||
Age (years) | 34197/3876 (11.3) | 0.961 (0.952–0.971) | <0.001 | 13459/1849 (13.7) | 0.975 (0.971–0.980) | <0.001 | 914/158 (17.3) | 0.995 (0.983–1.008) | 0.453 |
Derived haemoglobin (g/dL) | 26693/3394 (12.7) | 0.785 (0.767–0.803) | <0.001 | 10854/1433 (13.2) | 0.664 (0.645–0.683) | <0.001 | 606/120 (19.8) | 0.600 (0.523–0.688) | <0.001 |
Anaemia | |||||||||
Yes | 13441/2322 (17.3) | 2.062 (1.888–2.253) | <0.001 | 2871/795 (27.7) | 4.846 (4.258–5.516) | <0.001 | 48/22 (45.8) | 3.972 (2.162–7.297) | <0.001 |
No | 13252/1072 (8.1) | Reference | 7983/638 (8.0) | Reference | 558/98 (17.6) | Reference | |||
Fever | |||||||||
Yes | 21115/1910 (9.1) | 0.583 (0.538–0.631) | <0.001 | 5816/566 (9.7) | 0.738 (0.649–0.839) | <0.001 | 438/54 (12.3) | 0.529 (0.367–0.762) | 0.001 |
No | 12925/1950 (15.1) | Reference | 5107/730 (14.3) | Reference | 476/105 (22.1) | Reference | |||
Sex | |||||||||
Female | 16119/1782 (11.1) | 0.976 (0.908–1.048) | 0.501 | 5205/754 (14.5) | 1.083 (0.973–1.206) | 0.145 | 350/52 (14.9) | 0.756 (0.525–1.089) | 0.133 |
Male | 17128/1963 (11.5) | Reference | 7952/1085 (13.6) | Reference | 566/107 (18.9) | Reference | |||
Log10 Parasitaemia (/μL) | 34212/3879 (11.3) | 0.590 (0.554–0.629) | <0.001 | 13442/1833 (13.6) | 0.726 (0.677–0.779) | <0.001 | 914/158 (17.3) | 0.333 (0.212–0.524) | <0.001 |
Hyperparasitaemia | |||||||||
Yes | 3217/160 (5.0) | 0.389 (0.328–0.460) | <0.001 | 1892/289 (15.3) | 0.441 (0.338–0.575) | <0.001 | 0/0 | ||
No | 30995/3719 (12.0) | Reference | 12568/1743 (13.9) | Reference | 912/158 (17.3) | ||||
Mixed infection | |||||||||
Yes | 892/106 (11.9) | 1.112 (0.880–1.404) | 0.374 | ||||||
No | 13496/1817 (13.5) | Reference | |||||||
Weight-for-age z-score | 21701/2996 (13.8) | 0.932 (0.901–0.966) | <0.001 | 1403/305 (21.7) | 0.815 (0.723–0.919) | 0.001 | 0/0 | ||
Underweight | |||||||||
Yes | 3904/651 (16.7) | 1.234 (1.113–1.368) | <0.001 | 517/144 (27.9) | 1.404 (1.029–1.915) | 0.032 | 0/0 | ||
No | 17797/2345 (13.2) | Reference | 886/161 (18.2) | Reference | 0/0 | ||||
TIA | |||||||||
Low | 9995/802 (8.0) | 0.990 (0.674–1.454) | 0.959 | 11799/1383 (11.7) | 0.251 (0.074–0.850) | 0.026 | 871/147 (16.9) | ||
Moderate | 10575/1069 (10.1) | 1.074 (0.801–1.440) | 0.631 | 1361/438 (32.2) | Reference | 0/0 | |||
High | 13371/2000 (15.0) | Reference | 0/0 | 0/0 | |||||
Multivariable model | 26669 / 3389 (12.7) | 8919 / 929 (10.4) | 605 /120 (19.8) | ||||||
Age (years) | 0.984 (0.974–0.994) | 0.001 | 0.988 (0.982–0.994) | <0.001 | |||||
Derived haemoglobin (g/dL) | 0.788 (0.770–0.807) | <0.001 | 0.672 (0.648–0.697) | <0.001 | 0.581 (0.502–0.672) | <0.001 | |||
Log10 Parasitaemia (/μL) | 0.617 (0.575–0.662) | <0.001 | 0.735 (0.669–0.807) | <0.001 | 0.330 (0.184–0.592) | <0.001 | |||
Fever | 0.633 (0.579–0.691) | <0.001 | 0.811 (0.689–0.954) | 0.011 | |||||
Sex (M) | 1.252 (1.073–1.462) | 0.004 | 2.144 (1.331–3.454) | 0.002 | |||||