Table 2 Hazard ratios and confidence intervals for death prior to age 70 years in the EPIC cohort
Overall | Women | Men | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||
HR | (95 % CI) | HR | (95 % CI) | HR | (95 % CI) | HR | (95 % CI) | HR | (95 % CI) | HR | (95 % CI) | ||
Smoking status | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Former | 1.39 | (1.32–1.46) | 1.37 | (1.30–1.43) | 1.30 | (1.21–1.39) | 1.29 | (1.20–1.38) | 1.47 | (1.36–1.58) | 1.43 | (1.32–1.54) | |
Smoker | 2.38 | (2.27–2.50) | 2.36 | (2.25–2.48) | 2.16 | (2.03–2.30) | 2.14 | (2.01–2.29) | 2.57 | (2.39–2.77) | 2.54 | (2.36–2.73) | |
Physical activity | Inactive | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Moderately inactive | 0.78 | (0.74–0.82) | 0.79 | (0.75–0.82) | 0.78 | (0.73–0.84) | 0.79 | (0.73–0.84) | 0.77 | (0.72–0.82) | 0.77 | (0.72–0.83) | |
Moderately active | 0.75 | (0.71–0.79) | 0.75 | (0.71–0.79) | 0.72 | (0.66–0.78) | 0.72 | (0.67–0.78) | 0.76 | (0.70–0.82) | 0.77 | (0.71–0.83) | |
Active | 0.71 | (0.67–0.75) | 0.72 | (0.68–0.76) | 0.69 | (0.64–0.75) | 0.69 | (0.64–0.76) | 0.72 | (0.67–0.77) | 0.73 | (0.68–0.78) | |
Diet | Unhealthy | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Moderately unhealthy | 0.87 | (0.82–0.92) | 0.88 | (0.83–0.93) | 0.85 | (0.77–0.93) | 0.85 | (0.77–0.93) | 0.88 | (0.82–0.94) | 0.89 | (0.83–0.95) | |
Moderately healthy | 0.80 | (0.75–0.85) | 0.81 | (0.76–0.87) | 0.78 | (0.70–0.86) | 0.79 | (0.71–0.87) | 0.80 | (0.74–0.88) | 0.82 | (0.75–0.90) | |
Healthy | 0.75 | (0.70–0.81) | 0.77 | (0.72–0.83) | 0.73 | (0.66–0.82) | 0.75 | (0.67–0.83) | 0.76 | (0.67–0.85) | 0.78 | (0.69–0.88) | |
Alcohol intake (drinks/day) | 0 | 1.58 | (1.47–1.70) | 1.58 | (1.47–1.70) | 1.46 | (1.33–1.61) | 1.46 | (1.32–1.60) | 1.90 | (1.70–2.12) | 1.91 | (1.71–2.14) |
0–0.5 | 1.17 | (1.10–1.25) | 1.18 | (1.11–1.25) | 1.13 | (1.04–1.22) | 1.13 | (1.04–1.22) | 1.26 | (1.14–1.38) | 1.27 | (1.15–1.39) | |
0.5–1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
1–2 | 0.97 | (0.91–1.04) | 0.97 | (0.91–1.04) | 0.98 | (0.90–1.08) | 0.98 | (0.89–1.08) | 0.97 | (0.89–1.07) | 0.97 | (0.88–1.07) | |
2–6 | 1.07 | (1.00–1.14) | 1.06 | (1.00–1.13) | 1.16 | (1.05–1.27) | 1.15 | (1.04–1.26) | 1.04 | (0.96–1.14) | 1.03 | (0.95–1.13) | |
> 6 (women), 6–10 (men) | 1.51 | (1.38–1.66) | 1.47 | (1.34–1.62) | 1.72 | (1.38–2.15) | 1.63 | (1.31–2.04) | 1.48 | (1.32–1.65) | 1.45 | (1.29–1.62) | |
> 10 (men) | 2.47 | (2.12–2.88) | 2.40 | (2.06–2.79) | 2.43 | (2.07–2.85) | 2.38 | (2.02–2.79) | |||||
Blood pressure | Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Pre-hypertension | 1.03 | (0.97–1.09) | 0.99 | (0.93–1.04) | 1.04 | (0.96–1.11) | 1.00 | (0.93–1.07) | 1.04 | (0.95–1.14) | 0.99 | (0.90–1.08) | |
Hypertension 1 | 1.19 | (1.12–1.26) | 1.12 | (1.06–1.19) | 1.16 | (1.07–1.26) | 1.10 | (1.02–1.19) | 1.24 | (1.13–1.37) | 1.15 | (1.05–1.27) | |
Hypertension. 2 | 1.56 | (1.46–1.67) | 1.45 | (1.36–1.55) | 1.50 | (1.37–1.65) | 1.42 | (1.29–1.55) | 1.63 | (1.47–1.81) | 1.50 | (1.36–1.66) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | < 20 | 1.62 | (1.48–1.76) | 1.47 | (1.33–1.63) | 1.98 | (1.70–2.30) | ||||||
20–21.9 | 1.17 | (1.09–1.25) | 1.10 | (1.01–1.20) | 1.25 | (1.13–1.40) | |||||||
22–24.9 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
25–29.9 (overweight) | 0.98 | (0.94–1.03) | 1.03 | (0.96–1.10) | 0.97 | (0.91–1.03) | |||||||
30–34.9 (obese) | 1.16 | (1.09–1.23) | 1.05 | (0.95–1.15) | 1.26 | (1.16–1.37) | |||||||
35+ (very obese) | 1.61 | (1.47–1.76) | 1.55 | (1.38–1.75) | 1.76 | (1.54–2.01) | |||||||
Waist-to-hip ratio (fifths) | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
2 | 1.01 | (0.95–1.07) | 1.00 | (0.91–1.09) | 1.03 | (0.95–1.13) | |||||||
3 | 1.02 | (0.96–1.08) | 0.99 | (0.92–1.08) | 1.06 | (0.97–1.15) | |||||||
4 | 1.19 | (1.11–1.26) | 1.15 | (1.05–1.25) | 1.24 | (1.13–1.36) | |||||||
5 | 1.44 | (1.36–1.53) | 1.39 | (1.28–1.51) | 1.52 | (1.39–1.65) | |||||||