Pregnancy state | Method | Placenta | Amniotic fluid | Fetal membranes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal pregnancy | Microscopy | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Bacterial cultures | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Culture independent methods | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor | Microscopy | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Bacterial cultures | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Culture independent methods | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Intrauterine growth restriction | Bacterial cultures | ✓ | [71] | ||
Culture independent methods | ✓ | ||||
Pre-eclampsia | Bacterial cultures | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Culture independent methods | ✓ | ✓ |