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Table 3 Comparison of characteristics before and after study treatment in the vitamin D supplementation and placebo groups

From: No effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

 

25(OH)D group baseline

25(OH)D group 24-week

Placebo group baseline

Placebo group 24-week

Adjusted β (95 % CI)*

P value

25(OH)D (nmol/L)

43.1 (31.1–58.5)

85.8 (73–110)

37.1 (27.3–51.6)

40 (20.8–60.5)

48.6 (35.8 to 61.3)

<0.001*

HFF (%)

6.8 (3.9–14.8)

7 (4.4–12.9)

5.9 (3.2–11.2)

5.3 (3.2–9.7)

0.63 (–1.6 to 2.8)

0.57

BMI (kg/m2)

27.9 (27.2–31.8)

27.9 (26.8–31.4)

30.2 (27–33.5)

30.8 (27.6–32.6)

0.05 (–1.3 to 1.4)

0.94

Waist circumference (cm)

99 (92–106)

94.2 (99.5–107.6)

105 (95–110)

105 (96.5–109)

0.86 (–2.8 to 4.5)

0.64

SBP (mmHg)

130 (120–140)

130 (120–140)

130 (120–140)

130 (120–150)

–2.6 (–12.3 to 6.9)

0.58

DBP (mmHg)

80 (70–90)

80 (75–90)

80 (75–90)

80 (80–90)

–1.38 (–6.8 to 4)

0.61

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

176 (147–195)

168.5 (144–194)

179 (150–209)

162 (146–194)

–5.7 (–22.3 to 10.8)

0.49

HDL-C (mg/dL)

50 (34–59)

48 (42–54)

47.5 (40.2–54)

49 (41–61)

–0.46 (–5.1 to 4.2)

0.84

LDL-C (mg/dL)

92 (63–116)

88 (65.5–103.7)

94.3 (78–129)

85 (73–105)

–4.6 (–19.5 to 10.3)

0.53

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

100 (65–181)

116.5 (87–176)

128.5 (104.5–164)

116 (91.5–154.2)

–0.24 (–42.5 to 42)

0.99

FBG (mg/dL)

126 (103–148)

115 (102.114)

124 (107.5–154)

127 (105–160)

2.5 (–18.9 to 23.9)

0.48

HbA1c (%/mmol/mol)

6.3 (5.9–6.7)/45(41–50)

6 (5.6–6.9)/42 (38–52)

6.5 (6–7.2)/48(38–55)

6.4 (6–7.3)/46 (38–56)

–0.05 (–0.42 to 0.33)

0.80

AST (IU/L)

20 (17–30)

20.5 (16–25.7)

20.5 (16–27)

22 (17–30)

–2.4 (–5.7 to 0.79)

0.13

ALT (IU/L)

26 (18–48)

29 (20–37.5)

27 (19.5–40)

28.5 (21–40)

–4.6 (–11.9 to 2.5)

0.20

γ-GT (IU/L)

29 (19–53)

28 (19.5–43)

22.5 (16–39)

23 (17–40.5)

–0.95 (–6.1 to 4.2)

0.71

AST/ALT

0.83 (0.62–1)

0.8 (0.6–1)

0.77 (0.67–0.92)

0.72 (0.61–0.92)

0.02 (–0.11 to 0.06)

0.60

CK18-M30 (mIU/mL)

186.7 (139–240.4)

170.3 (102.1–271.9)

212.6 (66–315.9)

130.3 (85–234.6)

0.08 (–63 to 114.7)

0.56

P3NP (pg/mL)

1334.9 (166.8–1981)

1229.5 (327.6–1924)

464.6 (66.4–1270.9)

390.1 (116.2–1290)

0.19 (–23.7 to 738.4)

0.07

FFAs (μmol/L)

13.6 (8.8–19.7)

6.5 (4.2–8)

14.1 (8.9–19.7)

4.9 (3.2–8.1)

21 (–10.8 to 15)

0.75

FBI (μU/L)

11.7 (7.4–15.8)

11.5 (8.8–17.2)

13 (8.3–16)

13.1 (9.5–19)

–1.2 (–3.7 to 1.3)

0.35

FLI

68.6 (33–83.2)

54.5 (35.5–79.8)

79.8 (50.2–89)

70.5 (57–84.3)

–5.3 (–15.9 to 5.3)

0.32

HOMA-IR

3.9 (1.9–5.9)

3.4 (1.9–5.6)

4 (2.5–5.5)

4 (2.8–6.1)

0.01 (–1.3 to 1.3)

0.98

HOMA-β%

71.3 (50.3–114.8)

68 (51.8–97.5)

67.3 (42–126.3)

71 (50–116)

–18.7 (–49.1 to 11.7)

0.22

QUICKI

0.31 (0.3–0.34)

0.32 (0.3–0-34)

0.31 (0.3–0.33)

0.31 (0.29–0.33)

0.005 (–0.008 to 0.018)

0.40

ADIPO-IR

5.4 (2.5–9.5)

2.4 (1.3–3.7)

5.7 (2.8–7.9)

2.8 (1.5–4.3)

0.013 (–1.66 to 1.68)

0.98

CRP (mg/dL)

3 (0.25–6.6)

0.8 (0.15–1.6)

1.3 (0.6–4)

0.5 (0.1–3.5)

–0.04 (–1.6 to 1.5)

0.96

Adiponectin (ng/mL)

5.3 (3.3–9.6)

12.7 (9.9–22.8)

5.7 (3.9–8.9)

12.2 (9.5–16.4)

5.2 (–3.57 to 14)

0.24

VAT area (cm2)

173.4 (138.5–251)

183 (130–322)

190 (127.3–238)

188.7 (125–265.4)

6.1 (–45.9 to 58.1)

0.81

SAT area (cm2)

195.7 (132.5–340)

210.7 (115–366)

222.6 (169–371)

249.2 (188–392)

–21.9 (–74.07 to 30.08)

0.4

VAT/SAT ratio

0.93 (0.48–1.6)

0.93 (0.59–1.5)

0.81 (0.52–1.2)

0.89 (0.39–1.2)

0.08 (–0.18 to 0.28)

0.54

FMD (%)

2.9 (0.7–8.1)

2.5 (0.9–4.7)

4.4 (2.1–6.4)

4.3 (1.7–6.2)

–1.8 (–4.6 to 1.02)

0.20

ABI

1.1 (1–1.2)

1.04 (0.9–1.1)

1.13 (1–1.2)

1.1 (1–1.1)

–0.10 (–0.18 to –0.01)

0.03*

IMT (mm)

0.8 (0.72–0.95)

0.81 (0.7–1)

0.8 (0.74–1)

0.84 (0.7–1)

–0.04 (–0.14 to 0.04)

0.33

  1. Data are presented as median (25°–75° percentile), unless indicated otherwise, significance between groups was assessed by linear regression analysis adjusted for the baseline value
  2. *Statistically significant
  3. T2D type 2 diabetes, HFF hepatic fat fraction, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, FBI fasting blood insulin, FLI fatty liver index, CRP C reactive protein, VAT visceral adipose tissue, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, FMD flow-mediated dilatation, ABI ankle-brachial index, IMT intima-media thickness