Table 3 Reported associations between patient or clinical characteristics with risk of hospital re-presentations

Tsai (2013) [47]

Hospitalization for all reasons

OR = 0.48 (0.32–0.72)

Not investigated

Hospitalization for all reasons: 3.44 %

Fracture related diagnoses

OR = 0.28 (0.12–0.68)

Fracture related diagnoses: 0.69 %

Musculoskeletal disorder

OR = 0.08 (0.01–0.88)

Musculoskeletal disorders: 0.20 %

Hospitalization for other diagnoses

OR = 0.67 (0.41–1.09)

Hospitalization for other diagnoses: 2.55 %

Jou et al. (2014) [24]

14 days:

14 days: Medical center

Referent

50–74 y (3.21 %)

Age < 75 Age ≥ 75

Referent

Regional hospital

District hospital

HR = 1.56 (1.08–2.25)

HR = 1.36 (1.08–1.71)

HR = 4.47 (3.20–6.26)

14 days:

CCI score 0

CCI score ≥ 2

LOS

≤10 days

≥11 days

≥75 y (4.16 %)

Referent

Referent

HR = 1.52 (1.22–1.92)

HR = 0.25 (0.19–0.34)

14 days: Geographic regions

Northern

Central

Southern

Eastern

Referent

HR = 1.21 (0.89–1.64)

HR = 1.17 (0.89–1.54)

HR = 0.96 (0.47–1.96)

Khan et al. (2012) [36]

Age

OR = 1.06 (1.02–1.10)

Not investigated

11 %

Diabetes

OR = 3.34 (1.54–7.25)

History of neurological disorders

OR = 5.66 (2.79–11.47)

Admission other than home

OR = 2.36 (1.19–4.66)

Boddaert et al. (2014) [21]

CIRS score

RR = 1.08 (1.00–1.16)

Intervention vs. control group

RR = 0.40 (0.23–0.70)

Orthopedic group (usual care) = 17 %

Age

RR = 0.99 (0.95–1.03)

Geriatric group (intervention) = 5 %

Male sex

RR = 0.76 (0.41–1.41)

French et al. (2008) [25]

Chronic heart failure

OR = 1.24 (1.16–1.33)

Inpatient LOS

OR = 1.01 (1.01–1.02)

18 %

Cardiac arrhythmias

OR = 1.11 (1.04–1.17)

30 % occurred in the first week

Other neurological disorder

OR = 1.15 (1.05–1.26)

60 % within 2 weeks

Chronic pulmonary disease

OR = 1.33 (1.25–1.40)

81 % within 3 weeks

Diabetes mellitus without chronic

complication

OR = 1.32 (1.15–1.52)

Renal failure

OR = 1.43 (1.29–1.60)

Coagulopathy

OR = 1.33 (1.16–1.52)

Weight loss

OR = 1.24 (1.07–1.44)

Fluid and electrolyte disorders

OR = 1.11 (1.04–1.20)

Deficiency anemia

OR = 1.16 (1.09–1.25)

Alcohol abuse

OR = 0.86 (0.75–0.98)

Psychosis

OR = 1.16 (1.00–1.34)

Depression

OR = 1.06 (0.95–1.18)

Heidari et al. (2012) [26]

Not investigated

Hospital drug policy for chemical thromboprophylaxis

55 %

Aspirin

OR = 1.03 (0.87–1.23)

Heparin drug policy

OR = 1.06 (0.97–1.16)

Low-dose heparin

OR = 1.09 (0.93–1.28)

Jou et al. (2014) [24]

30 days:

30 days: Medical center

Referent

50–74 y (3.21 %) ≥75 y (4.87 %)

Age < 75 Age ≥ 75

Referent

Regional hospital

District hospital

HR = 1.51 (1.10-2.09)

HR = 1.34 (1.07–1.62)

HR = 3.82 (2.83–5.14)

30 days:

LOS

CCI score 0

CCI score ≥ 2

Referent

≤10 days

≥11 days

Referent

HR = 1.60 (1.30–1.97)

HR = 0.32 (0.25–0.41)

30 days: Geographical regions

Northern

Central

Southern

Eastern

Referent

HR = 1.25 (0.94–1.67)

HR = 1.20 (0.93–1.54)

HR = 1.00 (0.52–1.92)

Kates et al. (2014) [28]

Age > 85

OR = 1.52 (1.02–2.26)

Time to surgery > 24 h

OR = 1.50 (1.00–2.25)

11 %

CCI ≥ 4

OR = 1.70 (1.02–2.81)

Delirium

OR = 1.65 (1.13–2.40)

Dementia

OR = 1.61 (1.12–2.33)

History of arrhythmia with pacemaker

OR = 1.75 (1.11–2.76)

Placement presence of a pre-op arrhythmia

OR = 1.62 (1.09–2.39)

Partial or complete disability with ADL

OR = 1.54 (1.05–2.26)

Kates et al. (2015) [49]

Age > 85

OR = 1.58 (1.02–2.26)

Not investigated

11.9 %

Male

OR = 1.49 (1.00–2.24)

Assisted living

OR = 1.52 (0.82–2.59)

Skilled nursing

OR = 1.24 (0.84–1.85)

Parker mobility medium (5–8)

OR = 1.81 (0.98–3.35)

Parker mobility low (0–4)

OR = 1.50 (0.85–2.64)

Charlson score medium (2–3)

OR = 1.51 (1.03–2.25)

Charlson score high (4 or more)

OR = 1.65 (1.00–2.74)

Partial or complete disability

OR = 1.51 (1.03–2.25)

Delirium

OR = 1.66 (1.14–2.41)

Preoperative arrhythmia

OR = 1.62 (1.09–2.39)

Hematoma

OR = 7.51 (0.47–1.21)

Urinary tract infection

OR = 1.84 (0.39–8.84)

Pacemaker

OR = 1.75 (1.11–2.76)

Diabetes

OR = 1.91 (1.22–2.99)

Dementia

OR = 1.61 (1.12–2.22)

GERD

OR = 1.44 (0.99–2.10)

Cardiac disease

OR = 1.02 (0.66–1.59)

Alcoholism

OR = 1.12 (0.46–2.68)

Tobacco use

OR = 0.99 (0.56–1.73)

Le-Wendling et al. (2012) [37]

Not investigated

Local vs. general anesthetic

OR = 2.0 (1.0-4.0)

19 %

Pollock et al. (2015) [50]

Pre-existing pulmonary disease

OR = 1.88 (1.30–2.72)

Discharge to skilled nursing facility

OR = 1.5 (1.04–2.14)

9 %

Hospital LOS > 8 days

OR = 1.88 (1.30–2.72)

Toson et al. (2015) [53]

Myocardial infarction

OR = 1.1 (1.0–1.2)

Not investigated

16 %

Congestive heart failure

OR = 1.2 (1.1–1.3)

Peripheral vascular disease

OR = 1.2 (1.0–1.3)

Cerebrovascular accident

OR = 1.1 (1.0–1.2)

Dementia

OR = 0.8 (0.8–0.9)

Chronic pulmonary disease

OR = 1.1 (1.0–1.2)

Connective tissue disorder

OR = 1.2 (1.0–1.4)

Peptic ulcer

OR = 1.2 (1.0–1.5)

Mild liver disease

OR = 1.3 (1.0–1.7)

Diabetes without chronic

complications

OR = 1.1 (1.0–1.2)

Diabetes with chronic complications

OR = 1.2 (1.1–1.3)

Hemiplegic or paraplegia

OR = 0.9 (0.8–1.1)

Renal disease

OR = 1.3 (1.2–1.5)

Any malignancy

OR = 1.4 (1.2–1.6)

Metastatic solid tumor

OR = 1.1 (0.9–1.4)

Moderate or severe liver disease

OR = 5.0 (3.3–7.5)

Basques et al. (2015) [30]

Age ≥ 90

OR = 1.35 (1.09–1.67)

Discharge to a facility

OR = 1.42 (1.08–1.86)

10 %

Male

OR = 1.40 (1.20–1.63)

ASA class 3

OR = 1.40 (1.09–1.69)

BMI ≥ 35

OR = 1.73 (1.24–2.44)

ASA class 4

OR = 1.90 (1.44–2.51)

History of pulmonary disease

OR = 1.46 (1.22–1.75)

Hypertension

OR = 1.21 (1.02–1.45)

Steroid use

OR = 1.38 (1.04–1.83)

Partially dependent functional status

OR = 1.31 (1.11–1.54)

Fully dependent functional status

OR = 1.41 (1.01–1.97)

Golinvaux (2014) [48]

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Not investigated

Without diabetes = 5 %, Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus = 7 %,

RR = 1.4 (1.0–2.0)

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus = 7 %

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

RR = 1.4 (0.9–2.2)

Hageman et al. (2014) [43]

CCI and age

OR = 1.1, P < 0.01, R² = 0.03

Not investigated

2 % readmitted without surgical adverse event

4 % readmitted with surgical adverse event

Ling et al. (2013) [19]

Age 60–70

Referent

Not investigated

9 %

Age 70–80

OR = 1.60 (0.31–8.22)

Age 80–90

OR = 3.91 (0.83–18.4)

Age > 90

OR = 7.21 (1.28–40.65)

Female

Referent

Male

OR = 0.75 (0.27–2.10)

Intertrochanteric

OR = 0.84 (0.36–1.95)

Comorbidity = 0

Referent

Comorbidity > 1

OR = 0.73 (0.26–2.04)

Comorbidity > 2

OR = 0.48 (0.10–2.26)

Comorbidity > 3

OR = 1.53 (0.45–5.19)

Renal failure

OR = 2.49 (0.50–12.4)

Serum albumin

OR = 2.09 (0.69–6.36)

Serum iPTH

OR = 1.01 (0.42–2.47)

Vitamin D deficiency

OR = 1.00 (0.43–2.33)

Euthyroid

Referent

Overt hypothyroidism

OR = 1.75 (0.35–8.89)

Thyroid dysfunction

OR = 1.19 (0.47–3.03)

Subclinical hypothyroidism

OR = 0.44 (0.05–3.54)

Radcliff (2008) [51]

White race

OR = 1.32

Plate/screw (CPT 27244)

OR = 1.26

7 %

Age 65–74

Referent

Open reduction (CPT 27236)

OR = 1.13

Age 75–84

OR = 1.17

Hemiarthroplasty (CPT 27125)

OR = 1.30

Age ≥ 85

OR = 0.95

Percutaneous fixation (CPT 27235)

OR = 1.05

Currently smoking

OR = 0.94

Intramedullary implant (CPT 27245)

OR = 0.92

Alcohol use (>2 drinks/day)

OR = 1.29

General anesthesia

OR = 0.97

Partial independence

OR = 1.04

Blood transfusion (1 U)

OR = 1.01

Total independence

OR = 0.70

Surgery 4 days after admission

OR = 0.70

Impaired sensorium

OR = 1.67

Weekend surgery

OR = 1.15

Renal insufficiency

OR = 1.46

Wound not “clean”

OR = 1.44

Steroid use

OR = 1.10

Emergency admission

OR = 0.74

Disseminated cancer

OR = 0.87

ASA class 3

OR = 1.38

Congestive heart failure

OR = 1.28

ASA class 4 or 5

OR = 1.60

Dementia

OR = 0.75

Diabetes

OR = 1.09

Hemiplegia

OR = 1.02

Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

OR = 1.24

Recent weight loss

OR = 0.99

Hyponatremia

OR = 1.73

Toy et al. (2014) [41]

History of pulmonary disease

OR = 2.0

Inpatient status before procedure

OR = 1.9

10.8 %

Tsai (2013) [47]

Hospitalization for all reasons

OR = 0.74 (0.59–0.93)

Not investigated

Hospitalization for all reasons: 14.73 %

Fracture related diagnoses

OR = 0.69 (0.45–1.05)

Fracture-related diagnoses: 3.73 %

Musculoskeletal disorders

OR = 0.60 (0.37–0.98)

Musculoskeletal disorders: 2.36 %

Hospitalization for other diagnoses

OR = 0.83 (0.62–1.12)

Hospitalization for other diagnoses: 9.23 %

Kiel et al. (1994) [45]

Age 74–85

OR = 0.58 (0.40–0.83)

Not investigated

12.4 %

Age > 85

OR = 0.55 (0.38–0.80)

Secondary neurological diagnoses

OR = 0.75 (0.56–1.00)

Living with someone

OR = 1.44 (1.12–1.87)

Any dependency in ADLs

OR = 1.45 (1.08–1.93)

Ability to walk

OR = 1.54 (1.16–2.05)

Halm et al. (2003) [27]

Active clinical issue in the 24 h before discharge

OR = 1.6 (1.0–2.6)

Not investigated

18.8 %

New impairment in the 24 h before discharge

OR = 1.7 (1.2–2.3)

Halm et al. (2003) [33]

Transfusion when Hb < 10.0 g/dL

OR = 0.52 (0.28–0.97)

16.9 %

Halm et al. (2004) [34]

Hb on admission

OR = 0.69 (0.49–0.95)

Not investigated

16.9 %

Hb lowest preoperative

OR = 0.65 (0.48–0.89)

Hb lowest postoperative

OR = 0.78 (0.64–0.95)

Ottenbacher et al. (2003) [46]

Age

Beta = 0.943, SEM = 0.374, LR = 3.51

Not investigated

16.7 %

Ethnicity × gender

Beta = 0.012, SEM = 0.005, LR = 2.54

FIM rating

Beta = −0.825, SEM = 0.293, LR = 4.86

Vochteloo et al. (2011) [22]

Age

OR = 0.97 (0.94-0.99)

ASA

OR = 1.43 (0.99–2.09)

Anemic group 12.9 %, Non-anemic group 9.0 %

Anemia

RR = 1.24 (1.04–1.49)

General anesthesia

OR = 0.35 (0.13–0.99)

Zhang et al. (2014) [52]

Male

HR = 0.77 (0.72–0.83)

Hemiarthroplasty

HR = 0.77 (0.71–0.83)

90 day readmission rate = 14 %

African-American race

HR = 1.22 (1.02–1.46)

RTSA

HR = 0.82 (0.67–0.99)

15 % for open reduction-internal fixation and RTSA

Medical comorbidities (per diagnosis)

HR = 1.20 (1.18–1.22)

13 % for hemiarthroplasty

Insurance with Medicaid

HR = 1.27 (1.08–1.49)

Private insurance

HR = 0.82 (0.74–0.91)

Discharge status – home with services

HR = 1.19 (1.07–1.32)

Transfer to facility nursing or rehab

HR = 1.99 (0.82–2.18)

Gregersen et al. (2011) [42]

Postop Hb levels ≤ 6 mmol/L

OR = 3.24 (1.15–9.14)

Intervention care

OR = 0.47 (0.23–0.94)

14 % intervention care

Age

OR = 2.98 (1.08–8.21)

26 % standard care

Tsai (2013) [47]

Hospitalization for all reasons

OR = 0.93 (0.78–1.38)

Not investigated

Hospitalization for all reasons: 38.31 %

Fracture related diagnoses

OR = 0.90 (0.67–1.21)

Fracture related diagnoses: 9.14 %

Musculoskeletal disorders

OR = 1.03 (0.77–1.38)

Musculoskeletal disorders: 9.43 %

Hospitalization for other diagnoses

OR = 0.93 (0.77–1.13)

Hospitalization for other diagnoses: 26.72 %

Härstedt et al. (2015) [35]

Hypertension

OR = 2.0 (1.2–1.9)

Not investigated

32 %

Atrial Fibrillation

OR = 0.80 (0.40–1.61)

73 % were admitted once only

Myocardial infarction

OR = 0.70 (0.30–1.64)

Angina pectoris

OR = 0.49 (0.19–1.26)

Heart failure

OR = 0.69 (0.29–1.61)

Pacemaker

OR = 6.64 (1.68–26.33)

Valvular heart disease

OR = 0.87 (0.17–4.60)

Syncope

OR = 0.99 (0.36–2.71)

Stroke

OR = 0.66 (0.31–1.40)

Pulmonary embolism/deep vein thrombosis

OR = 2.72 (0.80–9.24)

Peripheral vascular disease

OR = 1.01 (0.33–3.08)

Parkinson’s disease

OR = 1.32 (0.32–5.70)

Epilepsy

OR = 0.26 (0.03–2.15)

Cognitive disorder (dementia)

OR = 1.68 (0.94–3.01)

Depression

OR = 1.54 (0.63–3.78)

Diabetes mellitus

OR = 0.64 (0.29–1.42)

Thyroid disease

OR = 1.47 (0.70–3.12)

Respiratory disease (COPD)

OR = 0.98 (0.42–2.26)

Malignancy

OR = 1.16 (0.57–2.37)

Autoimmune disorders

OR = 2.30 (0.87–6.10)

Prostate tumor (men)

OR = 4.99 (0.92–27.18)

Previous fracture

OR = 1.70 (0.86–3.36)

Osteoporosis

OR = 0.30 (0.07–1.40)

Diseases in the kidney and urinary

tract

OR = 1.72 (0.57–5.16)

Anemia

OR = 1.19 (0.43–3.32)

ASA classification per one grade

OR = 1.67 (0.99–2.80)

Riggs et al. (2010) [39]

Discharge to rehabilitation

Standard coeff −0.095 (−0.102 to −0.11)

LOS 75th quartile ≥ 9 days)

Standard coefficient 0.151 (0.044–0.141)

8.3 %

Any days in Intensive Care Unit

Standard coefficient 0.168 (0.097–0.271)

Bischoff- Ferrari (2010) [20]

2000- vs. 800-IU/d dosage of cholecalciferol

Relative rate different, −39 % (−62 % to −1 %)

70 % had 1 readmission, 22 % had 2 readmissions and 7 % had 3 readmissions

Efficacy analysis: 2000 IU/d dose

Relative rate different, −55 % (−79 % to −2 %)

Giusti et al. (2008) [32]

Age 76–85

OR = 0.77 (0.29–2.01)

Not investigated

30.1 %

Age > 85

OR = 0.46 (0.16–1.29)

CIRS-SI 1.5–1.9

OR = 5.95 (1.66–21.3)

CIRS-SI > 1.9

OR = 7.05 (1.68–29.7)

2 month ADL Katz Index 0–2

OR = 3.02 (1.09–8.32)

Heyes et al. (2015) [29]

Female

OR = 1.34 (0.65–2.76)

Time to surgery 36 h to 6 days

OR = 1.62 (0.156–2.44)

44 %

Cephalomedullary nail

OR = 1.51 (0.40–1.08)

>6 days

OR = 1.29 (0.198–3.02)

Hip hemiarthroplasty/THR

OR = 3.10 (0.19–1.80)

Inpatient stay > 7 days

OR = 3.13 (0.12 –0.62)

Moderate alcoholic

OR = 1.36 (0.31–1.73)

Inpatient stay of 7–14 days

OR = 7.04 (0.05 –0.34)

Alcoholic

OR = 1.52 (0.26–1.66)

Inpatient stay of 14–21 days

OR = 2.90 (0.18 –0.64)

Affected side-right

OR = 1.10 (0.57–1.45)

Inpatient stay of 21–28 days

OR = 1.83 (0.25–0.16)

Ex-smoker

OR = 1.14 (0.64–2.00)

Inpatient stay of 28–35 days

OR = 2.11 (0.19–1.17)

Smoker

OR = 1.24 (0.56–2.72)

ASA score > 2

OR = 3.68 (0.06–1.15)

Residential care/nursing home residence

OR = 1.71 (1.34–1.98)

ASA score > 3

OR = 1.95 (0.17–1.48)

ASA score > 4

OR = 2.14 (0.16–1.33)

Hb > 2 g/dL drop

OR = 1.29 (0.48–1.24)

Transfusion status < 2 units

OR = 1.12 (0.31–4.00)

Admission glucose > 7.8 mmol/L

OR = 1.18 (0.66–2.09)

Transfusion status > 2 units

OR = 1.85 (0.48–7.04)

Discharge glucose > 7.8 mmol/L

OR = 1.05 (0.53–1.70)

Total protein

OR = 1.13 (0.53–1.46)

Admission eGFR < 45

OR = 1.04 (0.50–1.83)

Discharge eGFR < 45

OR = 1.04 (0.47–1.96)

Hsaio et al. (2011) [23]

Long-term use of alendronate reduces risk

HR = 0.27 (0.15–0.78)

Not investigated

8.6 % cases untreated cohort; 6.3 % alendronate users; 7.6 % other anti organophosphorous drug users

Intrator et al. (1998) [44]

Home healthcare usage

OR = 0.77 (0.52–1.15)

Not investigated

Rehab only group 34.1 % Rehab and home health group 27.2 %

Jou et al. (2014) [24]

1 year:

1 year: District hospital

HR = 2.24 (1.82–2.75)

50–74 y (6.02 %)

Age < 75

Age ≥ 75

Referent

LOS

≥75 y (8.38 %)

HR = 1.46 (1.24–1.73)

≤10 days

≥11 days

Referent

1 year: CCI = 0

CCI score ≥ 2

Referent

HR = 0.51 (0.43–0.60)

HR = 1.28 (1.09–1.51)

1 year: Geographic regions

Northern

Central

Southern

Eastern

Referent

HR = 1.12 (0.90–1.39)

HR = 1.07 (0.88–1.29)

HR = 0.89 (0.54–1.46)

Merchant (2005) [38]

Post-operative complications

After adjustment for potential covariates the presence of postoperative complications was not significant (P > 0.05, coefficients not presented)

Not investigated

31.7 %

Teixeira et al. (2009) [40]

Male (predicts related first readmission)

HR = 1.25 (1.08–1.46)

Teaching hospital vs. public hospital (predicts related first readmission)

32 %

Male

HR = 1.36 (1.16–1.59)

HR = 0.86 (0.79–0.95)

Increasing age (predicts unrelated first readmission)

HR = 0.94 (0.89–0.99)

Index stay in a private hospital

HR = 0.78 (0.67–0.9)

Cancer

HR = 1.41 (1.03–1.94)

Teaching hospital (predicts unrelated first readmission)

HR = 0.87 (0.79–0.95)

Kidney disease

HR = 1.38 (1.00–1.90)

Dementia (predicts related first readmission)

HR = 1.21 (1.01–1.46)

Dementia (predicts unrelated first readmission)

HR = 0.68 (0.53–0.87)

Fox et al. (1998) [31]

Performance on balance tests at 2 months post fracture

Beta = −0.155, P = 0.01

Gait score

Beta = −0.013, P = 0.83

Mobility score

Beta = −0.098, P = 0.11