Table 1 Case fatality ratio, health services utilization (e.g., probability of seeking care conditional on being sick), and out-of-pocket direct medical costs for 20 leading causes of mortality in Ethiopia

Lower respiratory infections (LRI)

1.1 %

27 %^a; 9 %^b

$6^a*; $51^b*

[13, 25, 26]

Diarrhea

0.1

31^a; 1^b

5^a*; 59^b*

[13, 27–29]

Malaria

0.3

24^a; 1^b

2^a; 4^b

[13, 30–33]

Tuberculosis

17.0

62

49

[34, 35]

Stroke

39.7

25^a,c; 9^b,c

146^a**; 343^b**

[36–39]

Preterm birth complications

4.6

8^d

43

Based on cesarean section provider unit cost [40] and [13, 41–44]

HIV

6.2

68

5

[45–48]

Road injury

2.3

50^c

75

Based on surgical procedure provider unit cost [49] and [50]

Meningitis

27.0

27

66

Based on LRI inputs and [30, 51]

Ischemic heart disease

29.1

25^a,c; 9^b,c

338^a**; 629^b**

[52, 53]

Cirrhosis

33.6

2

417

Based on [55] and estimated cancer utilization, average out-of-pocket inpatient cost for breast and cervical cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease

Measles

3.5

31^a; 1^b

5^a; 59^b

Based on diarrhea inputs and [54]

Whooping cough

2.8

27^a; 9^b

6^a; 51^b

Based on LRI inputs and [56]

Diabetes mellitus

21.0

25^c

176

[57, 66]

Neonatal encephalopathy

3.9

3^e

76

Based on intrapartum-related conditions [41–44, 67] and cesarean section provider unit cost [40]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1.1

27^a; 9^b

7^a; 56^b

Based on LRI inputs and [58]

Epilepsy

0.4

5

18

[59, 60]

Cervical cancer

66.7

2^a; 1^b

280^a; 508^b

[61–63]

Asthma

0.2

27^a; 9^b

7^a; 56^b

Based on LRI inputs and [65]

Breast cancer

54.7

2

431

[61, 63, 64]