Rural Ghanaians | Urban Ghanaians | Amsterdam Ghanaians | Berlin Ghanaians | London Ghanaians | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | (n = 405) | (n = 415) | (n = 609) | (n = 297) | (n = 410) |
Age, years | 46.2 (45.0–47.5) | 46.5 (45.4–47.7) | 48.4 (47.7–49.2) | 45.8 (44.6–47.0) | 46.1 (45.0–47.1) |
Education level, % | |||||
None or elementary | 39.0 (34.4–43.8) | 22.2 (18.4–26.4) | 20.5 (17.5–23.9) | 6.1 (3.9–9.4) | 3.9 (2.4–6.3) |
Lower secondary | 36.1 (31.5–40.9) | 42.4 (37.7–47.2) | 40.6 (36.7–44.5) | 47.8 (42.2–53.5) | 24.9 (20.9–29.3) |
Higher secondary | 13.3 (10.4–17.0) | 20.5 (16.9–24.6) | 25.1 (21.8–28.7) | 28.3 (23.4–33.7) | 16.8 (13.5–20.8) |
Tertiary education | 5.7 (3.8–8.4) | 9.2 (6.7–12.3) | 8.2 (6.2–10.7) | 17.5 (13.6–22.3) | 41.0 (36.3–45.8) |
Unknown | 5.9 (4.0–8.7) | 5.8 (6.9–8.5) | 5.6 (4.0–7.7) | 0.3 (0.0–2.4) | 13.4 (10.4–17.7) |
Length of stay in Europe, years | NA | NA | 18.7 (18.0–19.4) | 16.8 (15.5–18.2) | 15.1 (14.1–16.1) |
First generation migrants, % | NA | NA | 98.6 (97.1–99.3) | 99.3 (97.2–99.9) | 98.6 (96.7–99.4) |
Current smoking, yes, % | 5.8 (3.8–8.6) | 3.3 (1.9–5.6) | 8.1 (6.1–10.7) | 14.8 (11.2–19.3) | 1.4 (1.0–3.2) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 20.9 (20.6–21.2) | 24.1 (23.8–24.5) | 27.0 (26.7–27.3) | 26.4 (26.0–26.9) | 27.5 (27.1–27.9) |
Waist, cm | 76.8 (76.0–77.6) | 84.7 (83.7–85.7) | 91.1 (87.2–95.1) | 91.2 (89.9–92.5) | 75.3 (61.2–89.4) |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.2 (4.1–4.3) | 5.1 (5.0–5.2) | 5.1 (5.0–5.1) | 5.2 (5.0–5.3) | 5.0 (4.9–5.1) |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.1 (5.0–5.2) | 5.8 (5.5–6.0) | 5.7 (5.5–5.9) | 5.5 (5.2–5.7) | 5.3 (5.2–5.5) |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 123.9 (122.0–125.7) | 131.0 (129.0–133.0) | 138.2 (136.8–139.6) | 138.9 (136.8–141.0) | 136.6 (134.9–138.3) |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 77.4 (76.3–78.4) | 82.2 (81.0–83.5) | 87.9 (87.0–88.8) | 88.7 (87.4–90.0) | 84.6 (83.6–85.7) |
Known diabetes, % | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 7.0 ( 4.9–9.9) | 11.7 (9.3–14.5) | 12.8 (9.4–17.1) | 7.6 (5.4–10.6) |
Newly detected diabetes, % | 2.0 (1.0–3.9) | 3.9 (2.4–6.2) | 2.1 (1.2–3.6) | 2.7 (1.4–5.3) | 2.2 (1.1–4.2) |
Women | (n = 638) | (n = 1034) | (n = 931) | (n = 250) | (n = 670) |
Age, years | 46.7 (45.7–47.6) | 44.7 (44.1–45.4) | 45.6 (45.0–46.1) | 44.7 (43.5–45.8) | 47.7 (46.9–48.5) |
Education level, % | |||||
None or elementary | 62.2 (58.4–65.9) | 50.5 (47.5–53.6) | 40.8 (37.7–44.0) | 11.6 (8.2–16.2) | 10.0 (8.0–12.5) |
Lower secondary | 26.0 (22.8–29.6) | 35.9 (33.0–38.9) | 30.7 (27.8–33.7) | 54.0 (47.8–60.1) | 28.9 (26.5–33.4) |
Higher secondary | 3.0 (1.9–4.6) | 8.5 (7.0–10.4) | 17.9 (15.5–20.5) | 24.8 (19.8–30.5) | 24.2 (21.1–27.6) |
Tertiary education | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | 2.7 (1.9–3.9) | 3.8 (2.7–5.2) | 7.6 (4.9–11.6) | 22.1 (19.1–25.3) |
Unknown | 6.9 (5.2–9.2) | 2.3 (1.6–3.4) | 6.9 (5.4–8.7) | 6.9 (5.4–8.7) | 2.0 (1.0–4.7) |
Length of stay in Europe, years | NA | NA | 17.7 (17.2–18.2) | 16.9 (15.7–18.2) | 17.4 (16.5–18.3) |
First generation migrants, % | NA | NA | 99.5 (98.8–99.8) | 99.6 (97.2–99.9) | 96.9 (95.2–98.1) |
Current smoking, yes, % | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.1 (0.0–1.0) | 2.1 (1.3–3.4) | 3.3 (1.6 (6.3) | 0.2 (0.0–1.2) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.7 (23.3–24.0) | 28.0 (27.7–28.3) | 30.3 (30.0–30.6) | 29.1 (28.5–29.7) | 30.9 (30.5–31.3) |
Waist, cm | 81.9 (78.2–85.7) | 90.0 (87.6–92.4) | 94.7 (92.0–97.4) | 93.7 (92.3–95.1) | 80.4 (69.8–91.0) |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.7 (4.6–4.8) | 5.3 (5.2–5.3) | 5.0 (4.9–5.1) | 5.1 (5.0–5.3) | 5.0 (4.9–5.1) |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.2 (5.1–5.3) | 5.5 (5.4–5.7) | 5.4 (5.3–5.4) | 4.8 (4.7–5.0) | 5.2 (5.1–5.3) |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 123.7 (122.0–125.5) | 124.7 (123.5–125.9) | 131.9 (130.8–133.0) | 132.0 (129.7–134.3) | 134.4 (133.1–135.7) |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 76.9 (76.0–77.9) | 78.3 (77.6–79.0) | 82.0 (81.4–82.7) | 83.6 (82.2–85.0) | 82.3 (81.5–83.0) |
Known diabetes, % | 3.3 (2.2–5.0) | 4.9 (3.8–6.4) | 8.3 (6.7–10.2) | 8.8 (5.9–13.0) | 7.0 (5.3–9.2) |
Newly detected diabetes, % | 2.4 (1.4–3.9) | 3.5 (2.5–4.8) | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | 0.8 (0.2–3.2) | 1.8 (1.0–3.1) |