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Table 1 Characteristics of the population by locality and sex

From: Obesity and type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africans – Is the burden in today’s Africa similar to African migrants in Europe? The RODAM study

 

Rural Ghanaians

Urban Ghanaians

Amsterdam Ghanaians

Berlin Ghanaians

London Ghanaians

Men

(n = 405)

(n = 415)

(n = 609)

(n = 297)

(n = 410)

Age, years

46.2 (45.0–47.5)

46.5 (45.4–47.7)

48.4 (47.7–49.2)

45.8 (44.6–47.0)

46.1 (45.0–47.1)

Education level, %

     

 None or elementary

39.0 (34.4–43.8)

22.2 (18.4–26.4)

20.5 (17.5–23.9)

6.1 (3.9–9.4)

3.9 (2.4–6.3)

 Lower secondary

36.1 (31.5–40.9)

42.4 (37.7–47.2)

40.6 (36.7–44.5)

47.8 (42.2–53.5)

24.9 (20.9–29.3)

 Higher secondary

13.3 (10.4–17.0)

20.5 (16.9–24.6)

25.1 (21.8–28.7)

28.3 (23.4–33.7)

16.8 (13.5–20.8)

 Tertiary education

5.7 (3.8–8.4)

9.2 (6.7–12.3)

8.2 (6.2–10.7)

17.5 (13.6–22.3)

41.0 (36.3–45.8)

 Unknown

5.9 (4.0–8.7)

5.8 (6.9–8.5)

5.6 (4.0–7.7)

0.3 (0.0–2.4)

13.4 (10.4–17.7)

Length of stay in Europe, years

NA

NA

18.7 (18.0–19.4)

16.8 (15.5–18.2)

15.1 (14.1–16.1)

First generation migrants, %

NA

NA

98.6 (97.1–99.3)

99.3 (97.2–99.9)

98.6 (96.7–99.4)

Current smoking, yes, %

5.8 (3.8–8.6)

3.3 (1.9–5.6)

8.1 (6.1–10.7)

14.8 (11.2–19.3)

1.4 (1.0–3.2)

BMI, kg/m2

20.9 (20.6–21.2)

24.1 (23.8–24.5)

27.0 (26.7–27.3)

26.4 (26.0–26.9)

27.5 (27.1–27.9)

Waist, cm

76.8 (76.0–77.6)

84.7 (83.7–85.7)

91.1 (87.2–95.1)

91.2 (89.9–92.5)

75.3 (61.2–89.4)

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.2 (4.1–4.3)

5.1 (5.0–5.2)

5.1 (5.0–5.1)

5.2 (5.0–5.3)

5.0 (4.9–5.1)

Fasting glucose, mmol/L

5.1 (5.0–5.2)

5.8 (5.5–6.0)

5.7 (5.5–5.9)

5.5 (5.2–5.7)

5.3 (5.2–5.5)

Systolic BP, mmHg

123.9 (122.0–125.7)

131.0 (129.0–133.0)

138.2 (136.8–139.6)

138.9 (136.8–141.0)

136.6 (134.9–138.3)

Diastolic BP, mmHg

77.4 (76.3–78.4)

82.2 (81.0–83.5)

87.9 (87.0–88.8)

88.7 (87.4–90.0)

84.6 (83.6–85.7)

Known diabetes, %

1.2 (0.5–2.9)

7.0 ( 4.9–9.9)

11.7 (9.3–14.5)

12.8 (9.4–17.1)

7.6 (5.4–10.6)

Newly detected diabetes, %

2.0 (1.0–3.9)

3.9 (2.4–6.2)

2.1 (1.2–3.6)

2.7 (1.4–5.3)

2.2 (1.1–4.2)

Women

(n = 638)

(n = 1034)

(n = 931)

(n = 250)

(n = 670)

Age, years

46.7 (45.7–47.6)

44.7 (44.1–45.4)

45.6 (45.0–46.1)

44.7 (43.5–45.8)

47.7 (46.9–48.5)

Education level, %

     

 None or elementary

62.2 (58.4–65.9)

50.5 (47.5–53.6)

40.8 (37.7–44.0)

11.6 (8.2–16.2)

10.0 (8.0–12.5)

 Lower secondary

26.0 (22.8–29.6)

35.9 (33.0–38.9)

30.7 (27.8–33.7)

54.0 (47.8–60.1)

28.9 (26.5–33.4)

 Higher secondary

3.0 (1.9–4.6)

8.5 (7.0–10.4)

17.9 (15.5–20.5)

24.8 (19.8–30.5)

24.2 (21.1–27.6)

 Tertiary education

1.9 (1.1–3.3)

2.7 (1.9–3.9)

3.8 (2.7–5.2)

7.6 (4.9–11.6)

22.1 (19.1–25.3)

 Unknown

6.9 (5.2–9.2)

2.3 (1.6–3.4)

6.9 (5.4–8.7)

6.9 (5.4–8.7)

2.0 (1.0–4.7)

Length of stay in Europe, years

NA

NA

17.7 (17.2–18.2)

16.9 (15.7–18.2)

17.4 (16.5–18.3)

First generation migrants, %

NA

NA

99.5 (98.8–99.8)

99.6 (97.2–99.9)

96.9 (95.2–98.1)

Current smoking, yes, %

0.0 (0.0–0.1)

0.1 (0.0–1.0)

2.1 (1.3–3.4)

3.3 (1.6 (6.3)

0.2 (0.0–1.2)

BMI, kg/m2

23.7 (23.3–24.0)

28.0 (27.7–28.3)

30.3 (30.0–30.6)

29.1 (28.5–29.7)

30.9 (30.5–31.3)

Waist, cm

81.9 (78.2–85.7)

90.0 (87.6–92.4)

94.7 (92.0–97.4)

93.7 (92.3–95.1)

80.4 (69.8–91.0)

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.7 (4.6–4.8)

5.3 (5.2–5.3)

5.0 (4.9–5.1)

5.1 (5.0–5.3)

5.0 (4.9–5.1)

Fasting glucose, mmol/L

5.2 (5.1–5.3)

5.5 (5.4–5.7)

5.4 (5.3–5.4)

4.8 (4.7–5.0)

5.2 (5.1–5.3)

Systolic BP, mmHg

123.7 (122.0–125.5)

124.7 (123.5–125.9)

131.9 (130.8–133.0)

132.0 (129.7–134.3)

134.4 (133.1–135.7)

Diastolic BP, mmHg

76.9 (76.0–77.9)

78.3 (77.6–79.0)

82.0 (81.4–82.7)

83.6 (82.2–85.0)

82.3 (81.5–83.0)

Known diabetes, %

3.3 (2.2–5.0)

4.9 (3.8–6.4)

8.3 (6.7–10.2)

8.8 (5.9–13.0)

7.0 (5.3–9.2)

Newly detected diabetes, %

2.4 (1.4–3.9)

3.5 (2.5–4.8)

1.0 (0.5–1.8)

0.8 (0.2–3.2)

1.8 (1.0–3.1)

  1. Values are means or percentages with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals
  2. BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; NA, not available