Table 1 Prospective studies of alcohol consumption and risk of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Donahue et al., 1986 [14]

Honolulu Heart Program, USA

8006

45–69

100

12

190

44

32

8

Age, smoking, BMI, hypertensive status, serum cholesterol, uric acid glucose, and hematocrit concentrations

Stampfer et al., 1988 [15]

Nurses’ Health Study, USA

87,526

34–59

0

3.8

–^a

–

28

7

Age, smoking, obesity, exercise, family history of myocardial infarction, menopausal status and hormone use, history of hypertension, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, intake of cholesterol, saturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat

Iso et al., 1995 [16]

Rural Japanese Cohorts, Japan

2890

40–69

100

10.5

104

–

–

8

Age, smoking, hypertension, serum total cholesterol, and diabetes

Kiyohara et al., 1995 [17]

The Hisayama Study, Japan

1621

≥ 40

44

26

244

60

–

9

Age, sex, BMI, hypertension, electrocardiographic abnormalities, heart rate, glucose intolerance, serum cholesterol, and smoking

Leppälä et al., 1999 [18]

Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, Finland

26,556

50–69

100

6.1

733

95

83

7

Age, randomized treatment assignment, education, smoking, BMI, physical activity, serum total cholesterol, history of heart disease, diabetes

Sankai et al., 2000 [19]

Six Japanese Communities, Japan

12,372

40–69

40

9.4

–

–

71

8

Age, sex, smoking, BMI, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, diabetes

Suh et al., 2001 [20]

Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study, Korea

114,793

35–59

100

5.4

–

373

98

6

Age, smoking, BMI, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total serum cholesterol

Klatsky et al., 2001 [21]

Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program Cohort, USA

128,934

< 40–70+

44

18

2014

–

–

6

Age, sex, race, education, smoking, BMI

Klatsky et al., 2002 [22]

Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program Cohort, USA

128,934

< 40–70+

44

18

–

299

133

6

Age, sex, race, education, smoking, BMI

Djousse et al., 2002 [23]

Framingham Study, USA

9171

≥ 50

42

8.8

441

–

–

7

Age, smoking, BMI, diabetes

Iso et al., 2004 [24]

Japan Public Health Centre-Based Prospective Study, Japan

19,356

40–59

100

11.0

319

219

73

6

Age, education, public health centers, smoking, BMI, sports at leisure time, history of diabetes, intakes of fruit, vegetable, and fish

Iwashita et al., 2005 [25]

Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study, Japan

4349

45–74

100

5

81

–

–

6

Age, smoking, BMI, serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, prior use of cholesterol-lowering drugs, history of angina, hypertension, and diabetes

Mukamal et al, 2005 [26]

Cardiovascular Health Study, USA

4410

≥ 65

36

9.2

434

–

–

7

Age, sex, geographic region, parental history of myocardial infarction, smoking, BMI, physical activity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, aspirin use, intakes of energy, vitamin E, folate, saturated fat, trans fats, omega-3 fatty acids, potassium, magnesium, and dietary fiber

Nielsen et al., 2005 [27]

Copenhagen City Heart Study, Denmark

12,096

21–98

44

15

786

–

–

8

Age, sex, education, smoking, BMI, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, history of myocardial infarction and diabetes, Forced Expiratory Volume 1

Elkind et al., 2006 [28]

Northern Manhattan Study, USA

3176

≥ 40

37

5.9

172

–

–

8

Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes

Bazzano et al., 2007 [29]

China National Hypertension Survey Epidemiology Follow-up Study, China

64,338

≥ 40

100

7.7

1724

–

–

8

Age, geographic region, urban or rural residence, education, smoking, BMI, physical activity, diabetes

Sturgeon et al, 2007 [30]

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and Cardiovascular Health Study, USA

21,680

≥ 45

45 and 42

12.2

–

135

–

5

Age

Chiuve et al., 2008 [31]^b

Health Professionals Follow-up Study, USA

43,685

40–75

100

18

600

–

–

6

Age, calendar year, family history of myocardial infarction, aspirin use, vitamin E supplementation

Lu et al., 2008 [32]

Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study, Sweden

45,449

30–50

0

11

111

47

–

7

Age, education, BMI, smoking, parity and age at first birth, oral contraceptive use

Sandvei et al., 2009 [33]

Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway

61,371

≥ 20

49

22

–

–

132

4

Age, sex

Bos et al., 2010 [34]

European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands Cohort, The Netherlands

10,530

20–70

0

9.4

165

–

–

8

Age, cohort, education, smoking, BMI, physical activity, menopausal status, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, antihypertensive medication, intakes of energy, vitamin E, vitamin C, saturated fat, and fiber

Rist et al., 2010 [35]

Physicians’ Health Study, USA

21,860

40–84

100

21.6

1157

–

–

8

Age, smoking, BMI, exercise, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, diabetes, and migraine

Zhang et al., 2011 [36]

Six geographic areas of Finland

36,686

25–74

47

13.7

1167

–

–

8

Age, study year, sex, education, smoking, BMI, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol level, family history of stroke, diabetes, intake of fruit and vegetables

Higashiyama et al., 2011 [37]

Suita Study, Japan

2336

30–79

100

12.5

78

–

–

7

Age, smoking, BMI, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, history of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes

Drogan et al., 2012 [38]

European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam cohort, Germany

2175

35–65

37

8.2

169

–

–

7

Age, education, smoking, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, plasma total cholesterol levels, and non-alcohol energy intake

Jimenez et al., 2012 [39]

Nurses’ Health Study, USA

83,578

30–55

0

20.3

1206

–

–

8

Age, education, marital status, family history of heart disease, smoking, BMI, physical activity, postmenopausal status, hormone therapy use, aspirin use, high cholesterol, history of heart disease and diabetes, bilateral oophorectomy, multivitamin use, diet score

Ikehara et al., 2013 [40]

Japan Public Health Centre-Based Prospective Study, Japan

47,100

40–69

0

16.7

964

532

338

8

Age, area, smoking, BMI, sports at leisure-time, history of hypertension and diabetes, flushing after alcohol drinking, mental stress, menopausal status

Kadlecová et al., 2015 [41]

Swedish Twin Registry, Sweden

11,644

≤ 60

30

29.1

1846

–

–

8

Age, sex, smoking, BMI, exercise, history of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and depression, stress reactivity

Jones et al., 2015 [42]

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, USA

12,433

45–64

45

22.6

773

–^c

–

6

Age, sex, center-race interaction, education, smoking; IS analyses were further adjusted for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of coronary heart disease and diabetes, marital status, diet score

Larsson et al., 2016 (current study)

Cohort of Swedish Men, Sweden

39,941

45–79

100

11.9

2216

350

82

8

Age, education, family history of myocardial infarction, smoking, BMI, exercise, walking/bicycling, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes, aspirin use, diet score

Larsson et al., 2016 (current study)

Swedish Mammography Cohort, Sweden

33,646

49–83

0

11.9

1608

205

94

8

Age, education, family history of myocardial infarction, smoking, BMI, exercise, walking/bicycling, history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes, aspirin use, diet score