Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the different cohorts

Number of patients

2644

20,895

1801

28,771

<0.001

  Age, years

66.4 ± 14.1

66.7 ± 9.4

73.7 ± 10.4

65 ± 11.5

<0.001

  Male sex, n (%)

1359 (51.4)

14,083 (67.4)

1093 (60.7)

20,189 (70.2)

<0.001

  Smokers, n (%)

400 (15.1)

5994 (28.8)

185 (10.7)

18,235 (63.4)

<0.001

  Hypertension, n (%)

1397 (53.1)

17,892 (85.6)

861 (47.8)

15,570 (54.1)

<0.001

  Diabetes, n (%)

334 (12.7)

5164 (24.7)

541 (30.1)

7386 (25.7)

<0.001

  SBP, mmHg

136 ± 18

159 ± 21

133 ± 24

122 ± 17

<0.001

  Heart rate, bpm

67 ± 12

71 ± 13

75 ± 15

76 ± 13

<0.001

  LVEF, %^a

67 ± 8

56 ± 13

41 ± 15

34 ± 9

<0.001

  Height, m

1.67 ± 8.9

1.69 ± 9.5

1.66 ± 9.7

1.69 ± 9.4

<0.001

  Weight, kg

73.8 ± 13.9

80.7 ± 15.8

76.4 ± 18.2

79.1 ± 15.5

<0.001

  Hemoglobin, g/dL^a

13.9 ± 1.3

13.4 ± 1.9

13.2 ± 1.8

13.3 ± 1.7

<0.001

  Creatinine, mg/dL

0.96 ± 0.24

1.12 ± 0.25

1.24 ± 0.53

1.12 ± 0.32

<0.001

  MDRD4, mL/min/1.73 m²

77.1 ± 18.2

66.8 ± 15.3

63.3 ± 24.4

71.05 ± 39.61

<0.001

  CKD-EPI, mL/min/1.73 m²

74.6 ± 17.0

65.2 ± 15.4

59.3 ± 21.9

67.93 ± 20.75

<0.001

  CG-BSA, mL/min/1.73 m²

71.1 ± 20.6

64.6 ± 17.8

57.2 ± 25.5

68.32 ± 32.89

<0.001

  Follow-up, years

4.2 (3.6–4.9)

5.0 (3.3–5.9)

2.6 (1.2–3.5)

1.0 (0.2–1.9)

<0.001

  CVM, n (%)

52 (2.0)

785 (3.8)

283 (15.7)

4400 (15.3)

<0.001