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Table 2 Rate of outcomes and incidence rate ratios, by financial barrier type

From: Financial barriers and adverse clinical outcomes among patients with cardiovascular-related chronic diseases: a cohort study

 

Outcome

Adjusted incidence ratea (95% CI) (no. outcomes/year/1000 population)

Incidence rate ratio (95% CI)

No financial barrier

Financial barrier

Crude

Fully adjusted

Reduced final

Final covariates

Home care (only >75 years)

N (%)

23,397 (98.8)

280 (1.2)

    

DR-Hosp

60.2 (58.3-62.2)

80.6 (59.8-101.5)

1.43 (1.10-1.88)

1.36 (1.05-1.76)

1.34 (1.03-1.74)

Sex, MM

Mortality

59.6 (58.1-61.2)

76.1 (60.5-91.7)

1.26 (1.05-1.51)

1.15 (0.93-1.42)

1.28 (1.04-1.57)

Sex

Medications

N (%)

2782 (92.5)

224 (7.5)

    

DR-Hosp

26.0 (22.6-29.3)

40.2 (24.4-56.1)

1.24 (0.82-1.88)

1.39 (0.92-2.12)

1.55 (1.02-2.35)

Age, sex

Mortality

14.2 (11.0-17.3)

6.7 (0.1-13.3)

0.40 (0.15-1.07)

0.39 (0.14-1.07)

0.47 (0.18-1.27)

Age, sex

Healthcare provider/test

N (%)

101,040 (97.7)

2383 (2.3)

    

DR-Hosp

35.0 (34.3-35.7)

43.3 (37.8-48.7)

0.98 (0.86-1.11)

1.08 (0.95-1.24)

1.24 (1.09-1.40)

Age, sex

Mortality

20.8 (20.3-21.3)

25.3 (21.9-28.7)

0.83 (0.73-0.95)

1.09 (0.93-1.26)

1.22 (1.06-1.39)

Age, sex

Healthful food

N (%)

97,754 (91.1)

9506 (8.9)

    

DR-Hosp

35.5 (34.7-36.2)

59.5 (56.0-63.0)

1.25 (1.17-1.33)

1.31 (1.22-1.41)

1.68 (1.56-1.79)

Age, sex, MM

Mortality

6.6 (6.4-6.8)

9.3 (8.6-9.9)

1.08 (1.02-1.14)

1.32 (1.23-1.42)

1.41 (1.31-1.51)

Age, sex, MH, SM

Health behaviour modification

N (%)

18,142 (98.4)

289 (1.6)

    

DR-Hosp

35.4 (33.8-37.0)

37.9 (24.1-51.6)

0.84 (0.58-1.22)

1.11 (0.77-1.60)

1.07 (0.74-1.54)

Age, sex

Mortality

18.0 (16.5-19.5)

15.5 (5.9-25.1)

0.56 (0.30-1.02)

0.89 (0.49-1.62)

0.90 (0.49-1.63)

Age, sex

Unmet need due to cost

N (%)

70,826 (99.0)

750 (1.0)

    

DR-Hosp

34.6 (33.8-35.5)

44.1 (35.0-53.1)

1.15 (0.93-1.43)

1.24 (0.97-1.58)

1.27 (1.03-1.56)

Age, sex, MM

Mortality

23.2 (22.6-23.7)

21.1 (16.6-25.6)

0.69 (0.56-0.83)

0.83 (0.64-1.06)

0.90 (0.74-1.09)

Age, sex

At least 1 financial barrier

N (%)

110,123 (91.2)

12,303 (10.2)

    

DR-Hosp

31.7 (31.1-32.3)

43.1 (40.9-45.3)

1.19 (1.13-1.27)

1.23 (1.16-1.31)

1.36 (1.29-1.44)

Age, sex, MM

Mortality

7.7 (7.5-7.9)

9.6 (9.0-10.1)

1.02 (0.97-1.07)

1.09 (1.03-1.16)

1.24 (1.16-1.32)

Age, sex, MH

  1. DR-Hosp disease-related hospitalization
  2. MH mental health comorbidity
  3. MM multimorbidity
  4. SM smoking
  5. aAdjusted using the reduced models to the overall means/proportions of covariates