Fig. 5

a TEX101 levels in seminal plasma (SP) of healthy, fertile pre- and post-vasectomy men and patients with unexplained infertility, oligospermia, and azoospermia, as measured by ELISA, using sodium deoxycholate (DOC)-based treatment. Median values for each group are presented as horizontal lines. TEX101 differentiated pre-vasectomy samples from post-vasectomy samples (Kruskal–Wallis test with the Dunn’s multiple comparison test P-value < 0.0001), oligospermia (P < 0.001), and azoospermia (P < 0.001), but not unexplained infertility (P > 0.05). b In the azoospermia group, TEX101 could differentiate between hypospermatogenesis (HS) and Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCO) (Mann–Whitney U test P = 0.0336), but not between maturation arrest (MA) and SCO (P = 0.10). c Prediction of spermatozoa or spermatids retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients using TEX101 ELISA and DOC-based treatment of SP. OA obstructive azoospermia, SC sperm count, TESE testicular sperm extraction. *Female factor is not known for this group