Skip to main content

Table 2 Differences in BMI per increment of 10-risk alleles, according to coffee consumption in the HPFS, NHS, and WHI

From: Habitual coffee consumption and genetic predisposition to obesity: gene-diet interaction analyses in three US prospective studies

Analysis

Coffee consumption

P for interaction

< 1 cup/day

1–3 cups/day

> 3 cups/day

HPFS

 Model 1

0.85 ± 0.25

0.71 ± 0.24

0.29 ± 0.30

0.012

 Model 2

0.81 ± 0.25

0.81 ± 0.25

0.32 ± 0.30

0.023

NHS

 Model 1

1.68 ± 0.18

1.13 ± 0.13

1.21 ± 0.16

0.048

 Model 2

1.59 ± 0.18

1.07 ± 0.13

1.13 ± 0.16

0.039

WHI

 Model 1

1.71 ± 0.30

1.08 ± 0.17

0.97 ± 0.25

0.049

 Model 2

1.74 ± 0.30

1.02 ± 0.17

0.96 ± 0.25

0.044

Pooleda

 Model 1

1.42 ± 0.28

1.05 ± 0.10

0.87 ± 0.26

<0.001

 Model 2

1.38 ± 0.28

1.02 ± 0.10

0.95 ± 0.12

<0.001

  1. Plus-minus values are β coefficients ± SE
  2. In the HPFS and NHS, data were derived from the repeated-measures analysis in men (three measures from 1986 to 1998) and women (three measures from 1986 to 1998); in the WHI, data were derived from the repeated-measures in women (two measures from 1993 to 2003)
  3. Model 1: adjusted for age and genotyping source
  4. Model 2: based on Model 1, further adjusted for physical activity (< 3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, ≥ 27 MET-h/wk), Alternative Healthy Eating Index score (quintiles), total energy intake (quintiles), smoking status (never, former, current), sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (quintiles), and alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–9.9, 10–14.9, ≥ 15 g/day)
  5. aResults for the three cohorts were pooled by means of inverse-variance-weighted random effects meta-analysis (if P < 0.05 for heterogeneity) or fixed effects meta-analysis (if P ≥ 0.05 for heterogeneity)