Fig. 1

Directed acyclic graph for the mediated association between malaria in pregnancy and birth outcome. Malaria was either falciparum or vivax, and birth outcome was antepartum stillbirth or neonatal death, depending on the association being assessed for mediation. Preterm birth was only included in models where neonatal death was the outcome. Maternal anaemia was only included in models where stillbirth was the outcome because <1% of women in the neonatal death sub-set were anaemic