Fig. 4

The association between falciparum and vivax malaria in pregnancy and fetal loss. The reference group refers to women without falciparum malaria or vivax malaria in pregnancy. Models include women lost to follow-up (until gestation time last seen), but percentage calculations for fetal loss do not. Where the numbers of fetal losses in the asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria categories do not total the number of stillbirths in the malaria (all) category, missing values for the presence of symptoms should be assumed. First-, second-, and third-trimester malaria refers to both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria; in women with multiple episodes during pregnancy the trimester categorisation is based on the last episode detected. Models were adjusted for gravidity, clinic site, and yearly malaria incidence. See Additional file 8 for a table version of this figure, including univariable associations