Pre-diagnostic metabolite concentrations and prostate cancer risk in 1077 cases and 1077 matched controls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Table 1 Characteristics of 1077 prostate cancer cases and 1077 controls

Characteristic	Cases, n = 1077	Controls, n = 1077
Age at blood collection, years (SD)	60.0 (7.1)	60.0 (7.1)
Height, cm (SD)^a	171.7 (6.9)	172.1 (7.1)
BMI, kg/m² (SD)^a	26.8 (3.5)	26.9 (3.5)
Smoking, n (%)^a
Never	349 (33.0)	307 (29.0)
Former	467 (44.1)	501 (47.3)
Current	242 (22.9)	252 (23.8)
Alcohol consumption, n (%)^a
< 10 g/day	479 (44.8)	480 (44.6)
10–19 g/day	199 (18.6)	201 (18.7)
20–40 g/day	218 (20.4)	221 (20.5)
≥ 40 g/day	174 (16.3)	174 (16.2)
Physical activity, n (%)^a
Inactive	292 (28.0)	273 (26.0)
Moderately inactive	328 (31.4)	326 (31.1)
Moderately active	242 (23.2)	246 (23.5)
Active	182 (17.4)	204 (19.4)
Marital status, n (%)^a
Married or cohabiting	718 (89.4)	730 (90.2)
Not married or cohabiting	85 (10.6)	79 (9.8)
Educational attainment, n (%)^a
Primary or equivalent	413 (41.1)	425 (42.2)
Secondary	369 (36.7)	396 (39.4)
Degree	223 (22.2)	185 (18.4)
Cases only
Age at diagnosis, years (SD)	66.9 (7.0)	–
Time to diagnosis, n (%)^b
< 2 years	137 (12.7)	–
2 to <4 years	177 (16.4)	–
4 to <6 years	191 (17.7)	–
6 to <8 years	120 (11.1)	–
8 to <10 years	136 (12.6)	–
≥ 10 years	316 (29.3)	–
Year of diagnosis, median (range)	2001 (1994-2008)	–
Grade, n (%)^a,c
Low-intermediate grade	778 (86.3)	–
High grade	124 (13.7)	–
Stage, n (%)^a,d
Localised	456 (68.7)	–
Advanced	208 (31.3)	–
Non-aggressive	549 (82.7)	–
Aggressive	115 (17.3)	–
Death from prostate cancer, n (%)^a,e	127 (12.3)	–

^aUnknown values for some participants; the calculations of percentages exclude missing values
^bTime between blood collection and diagnosis
^cGleason score <8 or coded as well, moderately or poorly differentiated for low-intermediate grade and Gleason score ≥8 or coded as undifferentiated for high grade
^dThe TNM system was used to categorise stages of prostate cancer; localised: ≤T₂ and N_0/x and M₀, or coded as localised; advanced: T_3–4 and/or N_1–3 and/or M₁, or coded as advanced; and aggressive: T₄ and/or N_1–3 and/or M₁. All categories are not mutually exclusive, so numbers do not add up; percentages were calculated separately for localised and advanced, and for non-aggressive and aggressive
^eDeath from prostate cancer (prostate cancer listed as the underlying cause of death on the death certificate) during follow-up; 144 died of prostate cancer, but 17 were excluded from further analysis as their matched control had died before them (n = 13) or vital status was not known for their control (n = 4)

ISSN: 1741-7015