Skip to main content

Table 1 Association between LF-LAM test results on enrolment, patient characteristics and subsequent clinical course

From: The clinical utility of the urine-based lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assay in HIV-infected adults in Myanmar: an observational study

 

All patients

n = 517

Negative test

(Grade 0)

n = 316

Positive

(≥ Grade 1)

n = 201

Positive

(≥ Grade 2)

n = 43

Positive

(≥ Grade 3)

n = 20

Age, years

34 (30–41)

34 (30–41)

34 (29–41)

34 (28–42)

34 (28–45)

Male sex

259 (50%)

158 (50%)

101 (50%)

22 (51%)

9 (45%)

Enrolled as inpatient

54 (10%)

19 (6%)

35 (17%)***

15 (35%)***

10 (50%)***

Symptoms of systemic TB a

169 (33%)

90 (29%)

79 (39%)*

32 (74%)***

16 (80%)***

Cough in last month

116 (22%)

56 (18%)

60 (30%)***

23 (53%)***

12 (60%)***

Current cigarette smoker

150 (29%)

88 (28%)

62 (31%)

16 (37%)

8 (40%)

Current tobacco chewing

222 (43%)

133 (42%)

89 (44%)

23 (53%)

11 (55%)

Hazardous alcohol consumption

71 (14%)

31 (10%)

40 (20%)***

13 (30%)***

6 (30%)*

Body mass index

20.8 (18.8–23.1)

21.2 (19.3–23.5)

20.4 (18.6–22.7)*

19.5 (17.8–22.0)**

19.4 (17.6–22.0)

Recent subjective weight loss

235 (45%)

135 (43%)

100 (50%)

30 (70%)***

15 (75%)**

Abnormal respiratory examination

28 (5%)

8 (3%)

20 (10%)***

11 (26%)***

6 (30%)***

On anti-retroviral therapy

360 (70%)

225 (71%)

135 (67%)

24 (56%)*

9 (45%)*

On isoniazid prophylaxis therapy

14 (3%)

9 (3%)

5 (2%)

1 (2%)

0

CD4 T-cell count, cells/mm3 b

270 (128–443)

289 (151–481)

233 (95–409)*

112 (55–264)***

71 (31–159)***

Haemoglobin, g/dLb

10.5 (9.2–12.2)

10.7 (9.4–12.1)

10.1 (9.0–12.0)

9.1 (8.1–10.2)***

8.6 (6.5–10.1)***

White cell count, × 109/Lb

6.9 (5.3–8.7)

6.9 (5.4–8.6)

6.9 (5.3–8.9)

6.3 (5.4–10.5)

6.1 (4.5–6.2)

Lymphocytes, × 109/Lb

1.7 (1.2–2.5)

1.8 (1.3–2.5)

1.7 (1.1–2.4)

1.3 (0.5–2.2)**

0.8 (0.4–1.6)***

Platelets, × 109/Lb

291 (225–357)

288 (219–348)

295 (239–375)

277 (224–330)

276 (216–332)

Creatinine, μmol/Lb

85 (72–98)

85 (72–97)

86 (73–98)

80 (74–98)

84 (68–114)

Total bilirubin, μmol/Lb

13.2 (7.8–17.1)

12.6 (7.8–17.3)

13.5 (7.8–16.9)

15.0 (6.7–16.9)

12.5 (5.5–16.2)

Abnormal chest X-rayb

186 (38%)

102/294 (35%)

84/190 (44%)*

17/40 (43%)

9/18 (50%)

Gross abnormality on chest X-rayb

57 (12%)

29/294 (10%)

28/190 (15%)

8/40 (20%)

3/18 (17%)

TB diagnosis at 1 months

37 (7%)

10 (3%)

27 (13%)***

14 (33%)***

8 (40%)***

TB diagnosis at 3 months

44 (9%)

12 (4%)

32 (16%)***

16 (37%)***

8 (40%)***

TB diagnosis at 6 months

54 (10%)

18 (6%)

36 (18%)***

17 (40%)***

9 (45%)***

Empirical TB therapy at 1 monthc

33 (7%)

17 (6%)

16 (9%)

5 (17%)*

1 (8%)

Empirical TB therapy at 3 monthsc

84 (18%)

45 (15%)

39 (23%)*

11 (41%)***

6 (50%)**

Empirical TB therapy at 6 monthsc

123 (27%)

71 (24%)

52 (32%)

13 (50%)**

6 (55%)*

Dead at 1 month

5 (1%)

3 (1%)

2 (1%)

2 (5%)*

1 (5%)

Dead at 3 months

13 (3%)

7 (2%)

6 (3%)

5 (12%)***

4 (20%)***

Dead at 6 months

16 (3%)

10 (3%)

6 (3%)

5 (12%)***

4 (20%)***

Complicated coursed

205 (40%)

101 (32%)

104 (52%)***

35 (81%)***

18 (90%)***

False-positive LF-LAM teste

97 (19%)

–

97 (48%)

8 (19%)

2 (10%)

  1. All values represent absolute number (%), or median (interquartile range)
  2. * P < 0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001 (comparisons using Kruskal–Wallis and χ2 tests at the different cut-offs)
  3. aCough, fever, weight loss or night sweats in last month
  4. bOne patient did not have a CD4 count recorded at enrolment; 103 (20%) patients did not have an available haemoglobin; 107 (21%) did not have an available white blood cell count; 110 (21%) did not have an available lymphocyte count; 111 (21%) did not have an available creatinine; 143 (28%) did not have an available platelet count; 33 (6%) patients did not have an available chest-X-ray report
  5. cDoes not include the patients prescribed anti-TB therapy for a microbiologically confirmed diagnosis
  6. dComplicated course: death, hospitalisation, confirmed TB diagnosis or initiation of empirical anti-TB therapy in the 6 months of follow-up
  7. ePositive LF-LAM test on enrolment, but no death, hospitalisation, confirmed TB diagnosis or initiation of empirical anti-TB therapy in the 6 months of follow-up
  8. LF-LAM lateral flow lipoarabinomannan, TB tuberculosis