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Table 10 Bivariate associations between socio-demographics correlates and DSM-IV SAD (upper-middle income countries)

From: The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative

Correlates

30-day SADa

Lifetime risk of SADb

12-month SAD among lifetime casesc

30-day SAD among 12-month casesc

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

Age-cohort

 18–29

2.0*

(1.2–3.1)

3.9*

(2.7–5.5)

    

 30–44

2.1*

(1.3–3.3)

2.9*

(2.1–4.0)

    

 45–59

1.9*

(1.2–3.1)

2.1*

(1.5–3.1)

    

 60+

1.0

 

1.0

     

Age-cohort differenced

χ2 3 = 9.8*, P = 0.021

χ2 3 = 70.3*, P < 0.001

  

Age of onset

 Early

    

1.0

(0.6–2.0)

0.5*

(0.3–1.0)

 Early-average

    

0.8

(0.5–1.4)

0.6

(0.3–1.1)

 Late-average

    

0.9

(0.5–1.5)

1.0

(0.6–1.7)

 Late

    

1.0

 

1.0

 

Age of onset differenced

    

χ2 3 = 1.0, P = 0.810

χ2 3 = 6.4, P = 0.092

Time since onset (continuous)

    

0.99

(0.98–1.01)

1.02*

(1.00–1.03)

     

χ2 1 = 1.0, P = 0.309

χ2 1 = 5.8*, P = 0.016

Gender

 Female

2.0*

(1.6–2.6)

1.5*

(1.3–1.8)

1.6*

(1.1–2.4)

1.6*

(1.0–2.3)

 Male

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Gender differenced

χ2 1 = 29.5*, P < 0.001

χ2 1 = 19.6*, P < 0.001

χ2 1 = 4.7*, P = 0.030

χ2 1 = 4.5*, P = 0.034

Employment status

 Student

1.8

(1.0–3.3)

1.4

(0.9–2.1)

0.6

(0.3–1.5)

–

–

 Homemaker

1.3

(1.0–1.8)

1.1

(0.8–1.3)

1.4

(0.8–2.3)

1.8*

(1.1–3.1)

 Retired

0.4*

(0.2–0.9)

0.7

(0.5–1.0)

1.0

(0.4–2.7)

0.4

(0.1–1.3)

 Other

1.4

(1.0–2.0)

1.3

(1.0–1.6)

1.0

(0.6–1.8)

1.2

(0.7–2.1)

 Employed

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Employment status differenced

χ2 4 = 15.8*, P = 0.003

χ2 4 = 7.8, P = 0.101

χ2 4 = 3.9, P = 0.414

χ2 4 = 18.7*, P = 0.001

Marital status

 Never married

1.0

(0.7–1.3)

1.3*

(1.0–1.7)

1.0

(0.6–1.6)

0.8

(0.5–1.2)

 Divorced/separated/widowed

1.1

(0.8–1.6)

1.3*

(1.0–1.7)

1.0

(0.6–1.7)

0.8

(0.4–1.4)

 Currently married

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Marital status differenced

χ2 2 = 0.4, P = 0.815

χ2 2 = 8.4*, P = 0.015

χ2 2 = 0.0, P = 0.996

χ2 2 = 1.5, P = 0.484

Education level

 No education

1.4

(0.7–2.9)

0.7

(0.4–1.2)

–

–

2.1

(0.6–7.4)

 Some primary

1.7*

(1.1–2.8)

0.9

(0.7–1.3)

3.8*

(2.0–7.3)

2.2

(0.9–5.3)

 Primary finished

1.6

(1.0–2.6)

1.1

(0.8–1.6)

2.4*

(1.1–5.1)

1.3

(0.5–3.3)

 Some secondary

1.4

(0.9–2.2)

1.2

(0.9–1.6)

1.3

(0.7–2.6)

1.2

(0.6–2.4)

 Secondary finished

1.0

(0.6–1.6)

0.9

(0.7–1.2)

1.1

(0.6–2.0)

1.4

(0.7–2.7)

 Some college

1.0

(0.6–1.7)

1.1

(0.8–1.5)

1.5

(0.6–3.8)

0.7

(0.3–1.6)

 College finished

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Education level differenced

χ2 3 = 12.9*, P = 0.044

χ2 3 = 10.6, P = 0.102

χ2 3 = 37.1*, P < 0.001

χ2 3 = 9.3, P = 0.157

Household income

 Low

1.2

(0.8–1.7)

1.0

(0.8–1.2)

0.9

(0.5–1.6)

1.6

(0.8–3.1)

 Low-average

1.2

(0.8–1.8)

1.0

(0.8–1.3)

1.2

(0.7–2.0)

1.6

(0.9–2.8)

 High-average

1.2

(0.9–1.6)

0.8

(0.7–1.1)

1.3

(0.7–2.3)

2.0*

(1.2–3.5)

 High

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Household income differenced

χ2 3 = 1.7, P = 0.649

χ2 3 = 3.1, P = 0.384

χ2 3 = 2.0, P = 0.580

χ2 3 = 6.7, P = 0.082

N e

28,927

1,206,689

834

601

  1. *Significant at the 0.05 level, two-sided test
  2. aThese estimates are based on logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, and upper-middle income countries
  3. bThese estimates are based on survival models adjusted for age-cohorts, gender, person-years, and upper-middle income countries
  4. cThese estimates are based on logistic regression models adjusted for time since SAD onset, age of SAD onset, gender, and upper-middle income countries
  5. dChi-square test exploring significant differences between blocks of socio-demographic variables
  6. eDenominator N: 28,927 = total sample; 1,206,689 = number of person-years in the survival model; 834 = number of lifetime cases of SAD; 601 = number of 12-month cases of SAD
  7. A dash was inserted for low cell counts (<5 cases)