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Table 2 Association of tuberculosis and other covariates with depression estimated by multivariable multinomial logistic regression

From: Depression comorbid with tuberculosis and its impact on health status: cross-sectional analysis of community-based data from 48 low- and middle-income countries

 

Depression subtypes (Reference = No depression)

 

Subsyndromal depression

Brief depressive episode

Depressive episode

Characteristic

Category

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

Tuberculosis

Yes vs. No

1.98 (1.47–2.67)

<0.0001

1.75 (1.26–2.42)

0.0008

3.68 (3.01–4.50)

<0.0001

Age, years

Per unit increase

1.02 (1.02–1.03)

<0.0001

1.01 (1.00–1.01)

0.0003

1.02 (1.02–1.02)

<0.0001

Sex

Female vs. Male

1.84 (1.60–2.12)

<0.0001

2.19 (1.94–2.46)

<0.0001

2.06 (1.87–2.27)

<0.0001

Education

No formal

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Primary

0.86 (0.72–1.03)

0.1101

0.95 (0.82–1.10)

0.4629

0.92 (0.83–1.03)

0.1414

Secondary

0.76 (0.61–0.94)

0.0133

0.98 (0.81–1.18)

0.8148

0.77 (0.67–0.88)

0.0001

Tertiary

0.83 (0.53–1.30)

0.4073

0.80 (0.62–1.02)

0.0686

0.82 (0.53–1.25)

0.3464

Wealth

Poorest

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Poorer

1.00 (0.80–1.25)

0.9855

0.98 (0.84–1.16)

0.8384

0.95 (0.85–1.07)

0.4023

Middle

1.07 (0.86–1.34)

0.5281

0.90 (0.76–1.06)

0.2022

0.96 (0.84–1.08)

0.4651

Richer

1.05 (0.81–1.36)

0.7289

0.97 (0.82–1.16)

0.7557

0.87 (0.76–1.00)

0.0486

Richest

0.90 (0.64–1.26)

0.5175

0.80 (0.66–0.97)

0.0229

0.69 (0.57–0.83)

0.0001

Household size

Per unit increase

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

0.0296

1.01 (0.98–1.03)

0.4946

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

0.2889

Setting

Urban vs. Rural

0.93 (0.79–1.11)

0.4373

1.12 (0.98–1.28)

0.0978

1.05 (0.94–1.17)

0.4040

Current smoking

Yes vs. No

1.31 (1.10–1.55)

0.0026

1.26 (1.10–1.44)

0.0007

1.29 (1.14–1.45)

<0.0001

Alcohol consumption

Lifetime abstainer

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Non-heavy

1.27 (1.09–1.47)

0.0026

1.51 (1.32–1.73)

<0.0001

1.10 (0.99–1.22)

0.0685

Infrequent heavy

1.45 (1.02–2.06)

0.0407

1.72 (1.29–2.28)

0.0002

1.03 (0.83–1.29)

0.7845

Frequent heavy

2.10 (1.15–3.85)

0.0159

1.85 (1.18–2.92)

0.0080

1.14 (0.79–1.65)

0.4887

Body mass index, kg/m2

<18.5

1.02 (0.76–1.36)

0.8991

1.01 (0.83–1.23)

0.8988

1.08 (0.90–1.31)

0.4065

18.5–24.9

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

25.0–29.9

1.10 (0.89–1.36)

0.3673

0.96 (0.83–1.11)

0.5485

0.99 (0.88–1.11)

0.8586

≥30.0

1.09 (0.84–1.41)

0.5230

1.05 (0.86–1.29)

0.6136

1.05 (0.91–1.22)

0.4831

Diabetes

Yes vs. No

1.14 (0.84–1.54)

0.4000

1.39 (1.09–1.76)

0.0076

1.91 (1.62–2.24)

<0.0001

  1. Model is adjusted for all variables in the Table and country