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Table 3 Association between tuberculosis (exposure) and depressive episode (outcome) by regions or country income level

From: Depression comorbid with tuberculosis and its impact on health status: cross-sectional analysis of community-based data from 48 low- and middle-income countries

Region or country income level

OR (95% CI)

P value

Africa

3.50 (2.76–4.43)

<0.0001

Americas

2.74 (1.80–4.18)

<0.0001

Asia

3.75 (2.74–5.14)

<0.0001

Europe

2.67 (0.75–9.52)

0.1293

Low-income countries

3.52 (2.74–4.54)

<0.0001

Middle-income countries

3.24 (2.40–4.35)

<0.0001

  1. Estimates are based on multivariable logistic regression
  2. Models are adjusted for age, sex, education, wealth, household size, location, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, diabetes, and country
  3. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval